European countries A - L

Geography of Europe: Geography of Europe, the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia, or the larger Afro-Eurasia - Geology of Europe - Geological history of Europe
List of European countries by population and by area: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, including 50 generally recognised sovereign states - List of European countries by population, including 51 countries and 6 territories and dependencies located in Europe, broadly defined, as transcontinental countries are included if they are members of the Council of Europe - List of European countries by area, as some states are only partially located in Europe and are ranked according to the size of their European part only - Lists of countries in Europe by other - more or less distinguishing - features
European countries M - Y




Albania - Geography of Albania - History of Albania - Battle of Kosovo 1389 - Albanian resistance during World War II - People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1944-1992 - History of post-Communist Albania - Demographics of Albania
Economy of Albania: Economy of Albania - main industries are perfumes and cosmetic products, food and tobacco products, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower - Companies of Albania by industry
Mines in Albania: Mines in Albania
List of oil and gas fields in Albania: List of oil and gas fields in Albania - Patos-Marinza Oil Field
Energy and infrastructure in Albania: Energy in Albania - Infrastructure in Albania
Agriculture in Albania: Agriculture in Albania - main agricultural products are tobacco, figs, olives, wheat, maize, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, honey, dairy products, and traditional medicine plants
Transport in Albania: Transport in Albania
Tourism in Albania: Tourism in Albania - Visitor attractions in Albania - World Heritage Sites in Albania
Economic history of Albania and economic cycles: Economic history of Albania and macroeconomic trends 2016-2020
June 2016 Chinese companies are replacing traditional European investing partners: 13 June 2016: Chinese companies are replacing traditional European investing partners, namely Italy and Turkey, and helping to develop a country in dire need of modernization
Labor in Albania: Labor in Albania
Taxation in Albania: Taxation in Albania
Politics of Albania: Politics of Albania - Constitution of Albania 1998
Political parties and trade unions in Albania: Political parties in Albania - Socialist Party of Albania - Socialist Movement for Integration - Trade unions in Albania
Elections, government and politics in Albania: Elections in Albania
June 2013 Albanian parliamentary election: Albanian parliamentary election 23 June 2013 - 23 June 2013: After shooting in the northwestern Lac region, in which an opposition activist was killed and a Democrat candidate wounded, the main opposition PS and the ruling coalition claim victory in the deeply polarised country - 26 June: Rama's left-of-centre coalition captured 84 seats in the 140-member parliament to 56 for Democratic party's coalition
December 2013: 29 December 2013: The Albanian parliament adopted 2014 budget of 3.25 billion euros, with a public deficit estimated at 6.6% of GDP
June 2017 Albanian parliamentary election: 25 June 2017 Albanian parliamentary election - 25 June 2017: Albania’s Socialist Party looked set to win Sunday’s parliamentary vote, an exit poll showed, which would give the ruling party a mandate to push judicial reforms vital for membership of the EU
June 2019 Albanian local elections: 30 June 2019 Albanian local elections, a set of highly contested elections in Albania as voters were asked to elect mayors, municipal council members, municipal unit mayors and municipal unit members, the second local elections in Albania since substantial administrative reforms legislated in 2014 reduced the number of municipalities in the country to 61, and as the opposition parties refused to participate in the election accusing the government and the PM of vote buying, voters intimidation and links with criminal organizations that led to a Socialist Party majority in the previous elections
April 2021 Albanian parliamentary election: 25 April 2021 Albanian parliamentary election, as the 'Socialist Party of Albania' won 768,177 votes, 48.68% and 74 seats and as the 'Democratic Party – Alliance for Change' won 622,234 votes, 39.43% and 59 seats
27 April 2021 PS and Edi Rama claimed victory: 27 April 2021: Edi Rama has claimed victory in Albania's parliamentary elections, with preliminary results showing his ruling PS was on course to retain its majority, credited with 49% of the vote on Tuesday afternoon
Social movements and protests in Albania: Protests in Albania
2011 opposition demonstrations: 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations
2015 opposition protest against corruption: 18 December 2015: Thousands of opposition protesters have gathered in front of Albania's parliament demanding the resignation of the government as rampant corruption allegedly driving Albanians to seek asylum in Western Europe
2018 anti-government protests: 27 January 2018: Thousands take part in anti-government protests, accuse PM Edi Rama's administration of corruption and links to organised crime
March 2019 anti-government demonstrations: 17 March 2019: Albanian police used tear gas to disperse a crowd trying to break into the parliament on a day of anti-government demonstrations across the Balkans
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Albania: Albanian society
Counties and municipalities of Albania: 12 counties of Albania are first-level administrative divisions in the Republic of Albania - 61 municipalities of Albania, the second-level administrative divisions of the country
Cities in Albania: List of cities in Albania
Tirana: Tirana, the capital and largest city by area and population of the Republic of Albania
Economy of Tirana: Economy of Tirana, the heart of the economy of Albania and the most industrialised and economically fastest growing region in Albania, as the tertiary sector is the most important for the economy of Tirana and employs more than 68% of work force
Timeline of Tirana: Timeline of Tirana since 1572
Durrës: Durrës, the second most populous city in the Republic of Albaniam and the capital of the surrounding Durrës County, located on the Adriatic Sea, and the country's most ancient economic and historic center
History of Durrës: History of Durrës
Demographics and ethnic groups in Albania: Demographics of Albania - Ethnic groups in Albania
Albanians: Albanians
Aromanians in Albania: Aromanians, Latin ethnic group native to the southern Balkans
Greeks in Albania: Greeks in Albania
Jews in Albania: History of the Jews in Albania dates back about 2,000 years - The Holocaust in Albania consisted of murders, deportations and crimes against humanity committed against Jews, Slavs, Roma and other minorities in Albania by German, Italian and Albanian collaborationist forces while the country was under Italian and German occupation during World War II
Romani people in Albania: Romani people in Albania
Serb minority in Albania: Serb minority in Albania
Human rights and freedom of religion in Albania: Human rights in Albania - Freedom of religion in Albania
Languages and culture of Albania: Culture of Albania - Languages of Albania
Education in Albania: Education in Albania
Health in Albania: Health in Albania
Albanian media: Albanian media
Crime in Albania: Crime in Albania
Corruption in Albania: Corruption in Albania - Political scandals of Albania
Organised crime in Albania: Organised crime in Albania
Gangs in the Albanian civil war of 1997: Gangs in the Albanian civil war of 1997
List of massacres in Albania since 1943: List of massacres in Albania since 1943 - 9 July 1943 Massacre of Borovë
Albanian law: Albanian law - Constitution of Albania - Legal history of Albania
Judiciary of Albania: Judiciary of Albania
Courts in Albania
Law enforcement in Albania: Law enforcement in Albania
Foreign relations of Albania: Foreign relations of Albania
Treaties of Albania: Treaties of Albania
Albania/Bulgaria relations: Albania/Bulgaria relations
Albania/PR of China relations: Albania/PR of China relations - Albania in the Chinese Sphere 1958-1978 - Sino-Albanian split 1978
Albania/EU relations: Albanian EU accession bid 2009
Albania/Germany relations: Albania/Germany relations - Albania during World War I 1914-1918 - Principality of Albania 1914-1917, 1920-1925 - Albania under Italy and Nazi Germany 1939-1944 - National Liberation Movement in World War II - Albanian resistance during World War II
Albania/Italy relations: Albania/Italy relations - Italian protectorate over Albania 1917–1920 - Italian invasion of Albania 1939 - Albania under Italy and Nazi Germany 1939-1944 - National Liberation Movement in World War II - Albanian resistance during World War II
Albania/Kosovo relations: Albania/Kosovo relations
Albania/Republic of Macedonia relations: Albania/Republic of Macedonia relations - Demographic history of Macedonia and Albania - Ideology of 'Greater Albania' - Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia 2001 - 2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence - Smilkovci lake killings 2012
Albania/Serbia relations: Albania/Serbia relations
Albania/Turkey relations: Albania/Turkey relations - Albanian Declaration of Independence from the Ottoman Empire on 28 November 1912
Albania/USA relations: Albania/USA relations
Environment of Albania: Environment of Albania - Climate of Albania - Biodiversity of Albania
Environmental issues in Albania: Environmental issues in Albania, includung air and water pollution, waste and deforestation
Conservation in Albania: Conservation in Albania - Protected areas of Albania - Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania
Water in Albania: Water in Albania - Rivers of Albania
Natural disasters in Albania: Natural disasters in Albania
Floods in Albania: Floods in Albania
2009–2010 Albania floods: 2009–2010 Albania floods refer to several periods of major flooding in the northern regions of Albania around Shkodra, Lezhë and Durrës
November 2019 Albania earthquake: 26 November 2019 Albania earthquake - 26 November 2019: A strong earthquake shook Albania early Tuesday, killing at least six people, injuring 300 and collapsing buildings, with an epicenter 30 kilometers northwest of the capital Tirana


Austria - Geography of Austria - History of Austria - Demographics of Austria
Economy of Austria: Economy of Austria - main industries include construction, machinery, metals, vehicles and parts, food, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, chemicals, tourism - List of companies of Austria
Mining in Austria: Mining in Austria
Energy in Austria: Energy in Austria
Fossil fuels in Austria: Fossil fuels in Austria - Petroleum in Austria - Oil and gas companies of Austria
Electricity in Austria: Electricity in Austria, in 2010 28.5% came from fossil fuels, 68.6% from hydropower and the remainder from other sources
Hydroelectric power stations in Austria: Hydroelectric power stations in Austria
Solar and wind power in Austria: Solar power in Austria - Wind power in Austria
Agriculture in Austria: Agriculture in Austria, agricultural and forestry output is heavily concentrated in field crops, meat, and dairy products, with most of it coming from animal husbandry
Water in Austria: Water in Austria
Rivers and lakes of Austria: Rivers of Austria - List of rivers of Austria by draining - List of lakes of Austria - List of dams and reservoirs in Austria
Danube: Danube, Europe's second-longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe
Water transport in Austria: Water transport in Austria
Tourism in Austria: Tourism in Austria - Tourist attractions in Austria - Austria–Slovenia border
September 2019 German tourist sued for complaints about hotel's Nazi portraits: 6 September 2019: German tourist sued for complaints about hotel's Nazi portraits in the Tyrolean Alps last August
7 February 2022 9 people died in 3 days during which more than 100 avalanches struck Austria: 7 February 2022: Nine people died in 3 days during which more than 100 avalanches struck Austria, as heavy snowfall followed by warmer weather made for unusually dangerous conditions, and as most of the avalanches hit the western Tyrol region
Banking in Austria: Banking in Austria - Banks of Austria - Hypo Group Alpe Adria - bank scandal - 14 December 2009: Austria nationalises ailing Hypo Group Alpe Adria
April 2013 banking secrecy: 8. April 2013: Nach Luxemburg beginnt auch in Österreich das Bankgeheimnis zu bröckeln
Economic history of Austria and economic cycles: Economic history of Austria
Labor in Austria: Labor in Austria - Labour disputes in Austria - Trade unions in Austria
Taxation in Austria: Taxation in Austria
Politics of Austria: Politics of Austria - Political parties in Austria - Trade unions in Austria
Elections and politics in Austria: Elections in Austria
2008: 28 September 2008 Austrian legislative election
2010: 25 April 2010 Austrian presidential election - 10 October 2010 Viennese state election
2013: 3 March 2013 Carinthian state election - 3 mars 2013: En Carinthie les différents instituts de sondages donnent autour de 32% (contre 28,8% en 2009) au candidat social-démocrate Peter Kaiser contre seulement autour de 21% au gouverneur sortant de l'Etat régional - Landtagswahl in Niederösterreich 2013
September 2013 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2013 Austrian legislative election - 29 septembre: Ouverture des bureaux de vote pour 6,4 millions d'électeurs qui doivent renouveler les 183 députés de leur Conseil national - 29 septembre: La coalition sortante des sociaux-démocrates et conservateurs remporte la majorité absolue, forte poussée de l'extrême droite
2014 European Parliament election: Austria European Parliament election 25 May 2014
2015 Styrian and Vienna election: 31 May 2015 Styrian state election, Social Democrats win Styrian state election, securing 29.29% of the vote despite Freedom party gains - 11 October 2015: Social Democrats win Vienna election, securing 39.5% of Sunday’s vote, ahead of the Freedom party on 31%
24 April 2016 Austrian presidential election: 24 April 2016 Austrian presidential election - 25 April 2016: Far-right and anti-immigration 'Freedom' party's Norbert Hofer takes 36% of the vote as candidates from the two governing parties fail to make runoff
April 2016: 28 April 2016: Austrian MPs to bring in some of Europe’s most stringent asylum legislation, days after a far-right politician won the first round of the country’s presidential elections
May 2016: 9 May 2016: Faymann quits as Austrian chancellor - 21 May 2016: Far-right Austrian presidential candidate Hofer accused of lying over Jerusalem terror incident
22 May Austrian presidential election second round - 23 mai 2016: Alexander Van der Bellen, former Green party leader, elected president in Austria in narrow defeat for far right
July 2016: 1 juillet 2016: Après un coup de théâtre sans précédent de l'invalidation du résultat de l'élection présidentielle par la Cour constitutionnelle les Autrichiens vont retourner aux urnes pour élire un président
December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election: 4 December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election - 5 December 2016: Austria’s voters have resoundingly rejected anti-immigration and eurosceptic Hofer’s bid to become EU’s first far-right president, instead electing former leader of the Green party Van der Bellen who said he would be an 'open-minded, liberal-minded and above all a pro-European president', a result greeted with relief
January 2017: 30. Januar 2017: SPÖ und ÖVP stimmen neuem Regierungspakt zu
October 2017 Austrian legislative election: 15 October 2017 Austrian legislative election - 16 October 2017: Stoking concerns about a record influx of migrants into Europe following the failure of the international community to tackle crises in the Middle East and Africa, Austria's 'People’s Party' got 31.4% of the vote, the 'Freedom Party' came in second with 27.4% and the 'Social Democratic Party of Austria', which now governs in coalition with 'People’s Party', got 26.7% - 24 October 2017: Austria’s Sebastian Kurz on Tuesday agreed to hold coalition talks with the FPÖ, potentially rekindling an alliance previously dubbed a 'pact with the devil' by the media
December 2017: 15/16 December 2017: Having Nazi roots and campaigning on an anti-immigrant platform Austria’s anti-immigration FPOe and the OeVP agreed a coalition deal - 20 December 2017: Rise of 'Freedom Party' founded in 1956 by a former SS officer raises fears Austria hasn’t learned from Nazi past
January/February 2018: 11 January 2018: The Jewish Community of Vienna, which represents most Jews in Austria, continues long-standing policy of boycotting the 'Freedom Party' with its Nazi roots, as Israel also rejects meetings with party ministers - 24 January 2018: FPÖ candidate for state office Udo Landbauer was a member of student fraternity whose songbook contains Nazi lyrics - 21 Februar 2018: Austrian Jewish students disrupted cabinet minister Fassmann’s speech at a conference on anti-Semitism over the fact that Kurz government includes politicians from the 'Freedom Party' known for anti-Semitic and racist incidents involving its members and leaders
Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition - 20 May 2019: Austria’s Jewish community's Oskar Deutsch said that the downfall of far-right party leader and Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache validated his community’s policy of avoiding the faction, due to the party’s alleged failure to distance itself from its neo-Nazi past, and as official Israel had also avoided contact with party members
26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Austria: 26 mai 2019 élections européennes en Autriche
27-31 May 2019: 27 mai 2019: Le chancelier autrichien Sebastian Kurz a été renversé par une motion de censure adoptée par les principaux partis d'opposition, dix jours après le scandale de l'Ibizagate qui a fait exploser la coalition qu'il avait formée avec l'extrême droite - 31 May 2019: Austria gets its first female chancellor, for now as constitutional court president Brigitte Bierlein named as interim premier
September 2019 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2019 Austrian legislative election in the second half of the year, called as a result of 2019 Ibiza affair and the breakup of the ruling ÖVP–FPÖ coalition in May 2019 - Opinion polling for the 2019 Austrian legislative election
November 2019 three people arrested in connection with FPÖ-Strache video: 20 November 2019: Austrian prosecutors say three people have been arrested in connection with a video that triggered the collapse of the government earlier this year
2 January 2020 Greens enter government with conservatives: 2 janvier 2020: L'Autriche va être dirigée par une coalition inédite entre les conservateurs et les écologistes, deux partis aux orientations politiques si éloignées que leur programme commun dévoilé jeudi sera déterminant pour la pérennité de leur alliance
5 January 2020 foreign country behind cyberattack on information systems: 5 January 2020: Austria suspects a foreign country is behind a serious cyberattack on information systems at its Foreign Ministry that continued on Sunday, the ministry said
5 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 5 novembre 2020: Le gouvernement autrichien a admis mercredi des erreurs de ses services de renseignements, qui ont minimisé la dangerosité du suspect de l’attaque terroriste qui endeuille Vienne - 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman
9 October 2021 Austrian chancellor Kurz plans to step down: 9 October 2021: Austrian chancellor Kurz said on Saturday that he plans to step down in an effort to defuse a government crisis triggered by prosecutors’ announcement that he is a target of a corruption investigation, adding he has proposed that FM Alexander Schallenbergbe his replacement
9 October 2022 Austrian presidential election: 9 October 2022 presidential election in Austria, as - in case no candidate reaches a majority of valid votes cast - a runoff would be held on 6 November. Incumbent Alexander Van der Bellen is eligible for one more term and is running for re-election. About 6.36 million voting-age citizens will be eligible to vote. - Opinion polls for the 9 October 2022 presidential election
Social movements, criticism and protests in Austria: Protests in Austria
2009: 2009 student protests in Austria
2013: 2 February 2013: Nine protesters have been arrested for civil disorder in demonstrations against a right-wing ball in Vienna's imperial Hofburg Palace - 20 April 2013: Austrians disagree with their government over the need to maintain the country's banking secrecy, according to polls which showed a majority in favour of lifting the controversial measure
2015: 31 January 2015: Austrian police hold 38 people as thousands protest outside controversial palace ball in Vienna
September 2015: 1 September 2015: About 20,000 people took to the streets of Vienna on the eve of 1 September to demonstrate against ill-treatment of refugees, after the bodies of 71 people were found on Austria’s A4 motorway in an abandoned truck last week and as the European refugee and migrant crisis escalates - 1 September 2015: Along with several hundred citizens wanting to pay respect to refugees, Vienna and Austrian officials hold memorial for 71 refugees found dead in an abandoned lorry
2016: 1 May 2016: Around 80,000 people on May Day in Vienna greeted SPÖ's Faymann with loud boos and calls to step down, following the ruling coalition’s handling of the refugee and migrant crisis, rising unemployment and disastrous defeat in presidential ballot
December 2017 protest against ÖVP/Freedom party deal: 18 December 2017: Thousands protest as natioalist ministers enter government in Austria, following a deal of ÖVP with the 'Freedom party' founded after the second world war by former members of the Nazi party
January 2018 'Never Again' protest: 13/14 January 2018: Thousands of Austrians gathered to protest against the new coalition government, which includes the FPO founded by former Nazis, with a march in Vienna, carrying placards reading 'Never Again' and chanting slogans such as 'Don't Let Nazis Govern'
June 2018: 30 juin 2018: Plus de 80'000 personnes ont manifesté samedi face à la volonté du gouvernement d'étendre à 12 heures par jour et à 60 par semaine la durée maximale autorisée de travail
October 2018: 4 octobre 2018: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté à Vienne pour ressusciter les 'manifestations du jeudi' de l'année 2000 contre le premier gouvernement de coalition entre ÖVP et FPÖ
December 2018: 16 December 2018: Thousands of protesters in Vienna braved snow and icy temperatures Saturday to protest Austria’s ruling coalition between the conservatives and xenophobic FPOe a year after they came to power
Austrian society, demographics, culture and human rights: Austrian society
Human rights and legal history of Austria: Human rights in Austria - Legal history of Austria
9 states of Austria: 9 states of Austria, a federal republic made up of states (Länder, but 'Land' is also the German word for 'country', and the term 'Bundesländer' is often used instead to avoid ambiguity)
Cities and towns in Austria: List of cities and towns in Austria
Vienna city: Vienna city, the national capital and one of nine states of Austria, as Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre, also the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the EU - History of Vienna
Economy of Vienna: Economy of Vienna
Timeline of Vienna: Timeline of Vienna since 1st-millennium BCE, ending with 'Vindobona' settlement
1814/15 Congress of Vienna: 1814/15 Congress of Vienna, an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I, now chaired by Austria's von Metternich with the objective to provide a peace plan for Europe by settling now given critical issues
Since 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9: May 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9, op.125, composed between 1822 and 1824, as the symphony is regarded today by many citizens around the globe as composer's greatest work and also best-known works in common practice music, as it was the first example of a major composer using voices in a symphony with words are sung by vocal soloists and chorus taken from the 'Ode to Joy', since ending 20th century the anthem of the Council of Europe and the European Union EU, as e.g. in 2017 members of the Parliament of the UK during a vote sang 'Ode to Joy' to protest against 'Brexit'
March-November 1948 revolutions in Vienna and its empire: March-November 1948 revolutions in the Austrian Empire, as empire ruled from Vienna included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Romanians, Croats, Venetians, Serbs, all attempting in the course of the revolution to achieve more autonomy, independence, as the situation was further complicated by the simultaneous events in Germany (aiming greater German national unity) and European states sparked by the French revolution, as these democratic and even socialist currents were violently forcibly suppressed by more or less brutal aristocratic regimes
9 November 1848 execution of democrat Robert Blum in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques: 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
Since March 1938 annexation by NSDAP ruled Germany and Second World War: n March 1938 Nazi Germany occupied and annexed Austria in a process known as the 'Anschluss', as during World War II since September 1939, the city housed 12 sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, located in various parts of the city
In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' the Freud familiy was forced to leave Austria: In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' in which NSDAP-ruled Germany occupied Austria, followed by German empire's World War II, Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Association, after - unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin had obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in sufficient quantities to commit suicide if faced with torture or internment, but she survived her interrogation ordeal, returned to the family home, and then - after her father had reluctantly accepted the urgent need to leave Vienna - she set about organizing the complex immigration process for the family in liaison with Ernest Jones (then President of the International Psychoanalytical Association), who secured the immigration permits that eventually led to the family establishing their new home in London, then - especially since the 1970s - Anna Freud was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, also studying deviations and delays in development, when her teaching - including seminars on crime and the family - led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the law, published in three volumes
1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and republic: 1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and Republic of Austria, independen since 1955
Salzburg city: Salzburg city, the capital city of the State of Salzburg and fourth-largest city in Austria, as in 2020, it had a population of 156,872 citizens
Demographics of Austria: Demographics of Austria - Austrians - Ethnic groups in Austria - Ethnic groups in Vienna
History of the Jews in Austria: History of the Jews in Austria begins with exodus of Jews from Palestine under Roman occupation - History of the Jews in Vienna - History of the Jews in Salzburg
Romani people in Austria: Romani people in Austria
Arabs in Austria: Arabs in Austria, the people from Arab countries, particularly Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, Jordan
Filipinos in Austria: Filipinos in Austria
Hungarians in Austria: Hungarians in Austria
Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria
Turks in Austria: Turks in Austria
Immigration and refugees in Austria: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria
2014-2016: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Since 2015 Austrian border barrier: Austrian border barrier is a border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia, as a 'response' to the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 15 mai 2015: La Croix-Rouge a vivement critiqué la création de camps de tentes pour les demandeurs d'asile en Autriche, annoncé par le gouvernement - 28 August 2015: More than 70 migrants were found dead in an abandoned lorry on Austria’s A4 motorway between Neusiedl and Parndorf, registered to a Romanian citizen from the Hungarian city of Kecskemét - 29 August 2015: Three young children are recovering in hospital in Braunau from severe dehydration after police in Austria stopped a truck with 26 refugees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan and Bangladesh inside - 31 August: Austria toughens border controls in trafficking clampdown - 1 September 2015: Hundreds of refugees arrive from Hungary in Vienna and ran towards the next trains heading for Germany - 5 September: A first bus carrying refugees who have been stranded in the Hungarian capital reached the Austrian border early Saturday, after Austria and Germany agreed to take in refugees - 5 September: Austrians greet thousands off Hungarian buses - 7 September: As Thousands of refugees arrive by foot, buses, and trains to Vienna, Austrians offer food and water to arriving refugees - 10 September: Thousands more migrants stream into Austria from Hungary - 20 September 2015: Around 13,000 people entered Austria on Saturday, according to the Red Cross, after being shunted through Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia and forced away from these EU members - 23 October: As thousands more refugees and migrants have crossed from Slovenia to Austria, travelling for days from the Serbian border with Croatia, Austrian officials ask EU for more assistance to tackle refugee crisis
2016: 18 February 2016: Austria's announcement to limit the number of refugees allowed to enter its territory receives a sharp rebuke from the European commission which branded the move 'plainly incompatible' with international law
2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy
2018: 2 mars 2018: Cinq migrants, quatre Iraniens et un Pakistanais, abandonnés dans le froid par des passeurs ont été secourus vendredi sur une autoroute du sud-est de l'Autriche où ils marchaient pour certains pieds nus
Culture and languages of Austria: Culture of Austria - Languages of Austria - Austrian German - Vienna culture
Music in Austria: Music in Austria
Viennese classical period of music: Viennese classical period of music in the 18th and 19th century - Musical development - 1732-1809 Joseph Haydn, born in Rohrau - 1756-1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, born in Salzburg - 1770-1827 Ludwig van Beethoven, born in Bonn - 1797-1828 Franz Schubert, born in Vienna
Women in Austria: Women in Austria
Women's rights in Austria: Women's rights in Austria
Women's suffrage in Austria since 12 November 1918: Women's suffrage in Austria since 12 November 1918 with the foundation of the Republic of Austria after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy with the end of Central empires' World War I. While men had gained the right to vote in the years of 1861 until 1907, women were explicitly excluded from political participation since the February Patent in 1861.
20 November 2008 first female engine driver in Austria: 20. November 2008: Marina Knabl ist die jüngste Lokführerin Österreichs und zudem die Jüngste unter den 4.300 Berufskollegen. Als erste berufliche Station ist sie auf den Tiroler Bahnhöfen in Wörgl und Innsbruck als Verschublokführerin im Einsatz. Mit dem 21. Geburtstag erfüllt sich dann ihr Traum und sie wird laut ÖBB mit der 10.000 PS starken Tauruslokomotive unterwegs sein.
Education in Austria: Education in Austria - Education in Austria by state
Schools in Austria: Schools in Austria
Universities and colleges in Austria: Universities and colleges in Austria
Museums in Austria: Museums in Austria - Museums in Austria by state - Museums in Austria by city
History museums in Austria: History museums in Austria - Archives in Austria
Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum: Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum, 30 years after the Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp's liberation by the USA army - Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp complex consisted of the Mauthausen concentration camp east of Linz, plus a group of nearly 100 further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany
Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems: Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems, a regional museum in Austria that deals with the Jewish presence Hohenems, surrounding regions, and elsewhere in Europe, also covering - since there is no longer a Jewish community in Hohenems and it is no Jewish life left there - the Diaspora and Israel and with questions of the future of the European immigration society
2 May 2019: 2 May 2019: A majority of Austrians are unaware of the magnitude of the Holocaust and the number of Jews murdered, while concurrently downplaying their country’s role in the genocide, according to a study released on Israel’s Holocaust Remembrance Day, as Holocaust survivors before March of the Living warn amid surge of anti-Semitic incidents around the world
Health in Austria: Health in Austria
Healthcare in Austria: Healthcare in Austria
Hospitals in Austria: Hospitals in Austria - List of hospitals in Austria by city
'Steinhof' and 'Am Spiegelgrund' hospitals and Nazi regime's euthanasia programme: 'Steinhof' hospital in Vienna - during the Second World War, some 700 children were tortured and murdered in the hospital - Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO) became the head prison doctor in 'Am Steinhof' hospital in 1955, ill-famed for his proven involvement in the killing of at least nine children with physical, mental and/or emotional/behavioral characteristics considered 'unclean' by the Nazi regime under its Euthanasia Program as Gross was head of the Spiegelgrund children's psychiatric clinic for two years during World War II, and as his role in hundreds of other cases of infanticide remained unclear - Am Spiegelgrund clinic - Action T4 euthanasia centres
April 2002: 29 April 2002: The remains of the last two of almost 800 children and babies killed in Vienna in the Nazi regime's euthanasia programme, who had been kept ntil recently in the cellar of the Spiegelgrund children's clinic in Vienna, where they died and where, until the early 90s, they remained under the supervision of Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO), who is alleged to have murdered them were laid to rest during a joint funeral and memorial service at Vienna central cemetery yesterday
April 2018: 19 April 2018: Austrian Dr Hans Asperger, after whom Asperger syndrome is named, was an active participant in the regime of National Socialism, assisting in the Third Reich’s euthanasia programme and supporting the concept of racial hygiene by deeming certain children unworthy to live, according to a study by medical historian Herwig Czech, following eight years of research
Media of Austria: Media of Austria
Newspapers in Austria: Newspapers in Austria
Broadcasting in Austria: Radio in Austria - TV in Austria
Internet in Austria: Internet in Austria
Crime in Austria: Crime in Austria
Austrian National Socialism: Austrian National Socialism, formed at the beginning of the 20th century taking a concrete form on 15 November 1903 when the German Worker's Party DAP was established in Austria with its secretariat stationed in the town of Usti nad Labem in the Czech Republic, its political organization DNSAP banned in early 1933 revived and made part of the German NSDAP after the German annexation of Austria in 1938
Antisemitism in Austria: Antisemitism in Austria - The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria - März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - 13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later
Antisemitism and Neo-Nazism in contemporary Austria: Antisemitism in contemporary Austria - Neo-Nazism in Austria
2015 Austrian prosecutor says call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel: 11 February 2015: Call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel, Austrian prosecutor says - 4 April 2015: Anti-Israel protesters call 'Kill the Jews' in Vienna as Bosnian soccer fans join pro-Palestinian rally
2016 police officer shouting 'Heil Hitler': 20 octobre 2016: Un policier autrichien a été condamné à neuf mois de prison avec sursis pour avoir crié 'Heil Hitler' à un automobiliste lors d'un contrôle routier
2018 anti-Semitic hate speech incidents: 16 February 2018: Anti-Semitic hate speech incidents in Austria at all-time high, according to watchdog Forum Against Anti-Semitism, saying expression of hatred towards Jews has become more 'socially acceptable'
May 2019 photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized: 27 May 2019: Photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized for 3rd time
23 August 2020 assailant attacks Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen: 23 August 2020: Unknown assailant attacks the Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen with a wooden club on the premises of their synagogue, which was twice targeted by acts of vandalism in the past week
Terrorism in Austria: Terrorism in Austria - Terrorist incidents in Austria
1 May 1981 assassination of Austrian-Israeli Friendship League's Heinz Nittel: 1 May 1981 Heinz Nittel, a leader of the Austrian Socialist party and the president of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship League, was shot to death outside his home in Vienna by Hesham Mohammed Rajeh, as Rajeh was also indicted later for the 1981 Vienna synagogue attack
August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack: August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack, a terror attack on the Stadttempel of Vienna carried out by the Abu Nidal Organization, as the machine-gun and grenade attack killed two people and wounded 30 attending a Bar mitzvah service
December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks: December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks, when seven Arab terrorists attacked two airports in Rome and Vienna with assault rifles and hand grenades, killing nineteen civilians and wounding over a hundred others
1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks: 1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks, murdering four people and injuring 15, some of them seriously, using three improvised explosive devices and five waves of 24 mailbombs in total - 1990s 'Bavarian Liberation Army', an Austrian neo-Nazi militant organization to create a single, 'Teutonic', ethnically homogeneous state, as the BBA claimed responsibility for several letter-bomb attacks in 1995, which killed one German in Munich and two Hungarian women in Linz), as Franz Fuchs was a self-declared BBA operator
2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack: 2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack, a series of shooting incidents as one or more gunmen opened fire with assault rifles near the street on which the central synagogue is located in Vienna, as deaths of four civilians and one perpetrator were confirmed in the hours after the attack, seven other people were critically and ten other people were injured, as Vienna Police Department said that the attacker who was killed was an Islamic State sympathizer, and that the attack was Islamist terrorism - 3 November 2020: 4 people killed in Vienna Islamist terror attack, as Jewish institutions to remain shut
4 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman
20 December 2020 Austrian suspect arrested: 20 décembre 2020: Un Autrichien d’origine afghane ainsi qu’un autre individu, dont l’identité n’est pas précisée, ont été arrêtés, après l’ADN du premier a été retrouvé sur les armes utilisées dans l’attentat de Vienne du 2 novembre
Corruption in Austria: Corruption in Austria
December 2010 Rampant corruption in Austria<: 10 December 2010: Rampant corruption in Austria
June-September 2013 corruption in banking and politics: 14 June 2013: Vienna prosecutors this week charged nine people, including the deputy governor of the Austrian National Bank, over suspected bribes and kickbacks for banknote contracts with Azerbaijan and Syria - 14. September 2013: Haftstrafen für verdeckte Parteienfinanzierung der Telekom Austria in der Höhe von 960.000 Euro an das von Haider gegründete 'Bündnis Zukunft Österreich' im Herbst 2006
Since 17 May 2019 FPÖ's Ibiza affair involving government: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition - 27 mai 2019: Dans une vidéo tournée en caméra cachée, l'on peut voir le dirigeant nationaliste Heinz-Christian Strache se montrait disposé à se compromettre avec un intermédiaire russe en échange de financements
Human trafficking in Austria: Human trafficking in Austria
Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria: Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria - Sexual abuse scandal in Vienna archdiocese
Political scandals in Austria: Political scandals in Austria
Since 2011 cash for influence scandal: 2011 cash for influence scandal - 9 August 2012: Former Austrian interior minister and Euro MP, Ernst Strasser, has been charged in Vienna with corruption
Law and legal history of Austria: Austrian law - Legal history of Austria - Constitutional history of Austria - Constitution of Austria - Federal Constitutional Law is the centerpiece of the constitution of the Republic of Austria
Courts in Austria: Courts in Austria
September/December 2019 Innsbruck court and Nazi photo in guesthouse: 7 September 2019: An Austrian court in Innsbruck has ruled that a German tourist who took exception to a World War II portrait showing a soldier and NSDAP member in Wehrmacht uniform wearing insignia with a swastika in a guesthouse, had no right to complain about it on travel sites, saying there had been 'a photo of a Nazi grandpa hanging in the hall' - 16 December 2019: After researching the identity of the two men in the photographs at the German National Archives in Berlin in May 2019, guest found proof that both of the men had in fact joined the Nazi party, in 1941 and 1943 respectively, forcing the ignorant Innsbruck court to decide to lift the gagging order, now saying the two men’s party membership and the clearly visible swastika amounted to sufficient proof to back up the guest’s complaint that the hotel had 'uncritically venerated a former Nazi family member'
Law enforcement in Austria: Law enforcement in Austria
Foreign relations of Austria: Foreign relations of Austria
Wars involving Austria and military history of Austria: Wars involving the Habsburg Monarchy - Wars involving Austria - Military history of Austria
Treaties of Austria: Treaties of Austria - United Nations Charter and since 1955 Austrian membership - Treaties entered into by the European Union
1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government - 26 October 1955 Austria's Declaration of Neutrality - the Soviet Union would not have agreed to the State Treaty if Austria had not committed itself to declare its neutrality
Immigration to Austria and border barrier: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria
Since 2014 European and international refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 European and international refugee and migrant crisis - Austrian border barrier
Austia's membership in international organisations: Austia's membership in international organisations
Austria/European Union relations: Austria/European Union relations - Euroscepticism in Austria
1994 EU membership referendum: 1994 Austrian European Union membership referendum
Austria/United Nations relations: Austria/United Nations relations
1972-1981: United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim 1972-1981 - The International Committee of Historians and Waldheim's involvement with the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany 1941-1945, his knowledge of Nazi war crimes - 2 May 2001: CIA knew about Waldheim's Nazi past long before he was appointed UN secretary general
Since 1977 UN's Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC in Vienna: ince 1977 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC in Vienna - UNODC's aims and functions, World Drug Report and crime-related treaties
Since^1993 'European Union Drugs Agency' in Lisbon: Since^1993 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA, an agency of the European Union located in Lisbon. In June 2022, the Council of the European Union approved a reform of the organization which will lead to an extension of its mandate and a change of name for 'European Union Drugs Agency'.
28 March 2023 tackling the illicit drug trade fuelling Assad's war machine: 28 March 202: The UK and USA have imposed sanctions on those responsible for the illicit captagon trade, which independent experts estimate could be worth up to $57 billion. Captagon is a highly addictive amphetamine which is used throughout the Middle East, with 80% of the world’s supply produced in Syria. The Syrian regime is closely involved in the trade, as multi-billion dollar shipments leave regime strongholds such as the Port of Latakia, and Bashar al-Assad’s brother Maher al-Assad commands the unit of the Syrian Army facilitating the distribution and production of the drug.
9 July 2023 Syria's Assad regime involved in international trade of amphetamines: 9 July 2023: Syria's Assad regime cancels accreditation of two BBC journalists, accusing the British broadcaster of 'false' and 'politicised' coverage, after the BBC published a report last month on what it said were 'direct links' between the trade of an amphetamine known as captagon and the family of the dictator Bashar al-Assad, as well as his military
Bilateral relations of Austria: Bilateral relations of Austria
Austria/Belarus relations: Austria/Belarus relations
4 August 2021 Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya in Vienna: 4 August 2021: Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya granted a humanitarian visa by Poland following after refusing Belarusin regime's orders to travel home early from Tokyo, now arrived in Vienna to seek refuge in Europe, claiming she fears for her safety in her native Belarus
Austria/Belgium relations: Austria/Belgium relations
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
Austria/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations:
1878-1914: Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 - Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878-1918 - Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 - Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Since 1908 Austro-Hungarian 'Schutzkorps' militia's persecution of Serbs the first large-scale persecution of people in Bosnia and Herzegovina because of their ethnicity
1914-1918: 28 June 1914 Assassination in Sarajevo - Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo - July Crisis 1914 - Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign (World War I) 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - World War I casualties
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Austria/Brazil relations: Austria/Brazil relations
Since 1940, 1951-1967 Austrian protection of Nazi war criminal Stangl: 1 July 2017: Austrian-born SS commandant of the Sobibór and Treblinka, since 1940 superintendent of the T-4 Euthansia Program at the Euthanasia Institute at Schloss Hartheim, commandant of Sobibor from March 1942 until September 1942, when he was transferred to Treblinka, always dressed in white riding clothes, since 1951 in Brazil where he was given an engineering job, since 1959 working at a Volkswagen AG factory, for years his responsibility in the mass murder of men, women and children had been known to the Austrian authorities, but Austria did not issue a warrant for Stangl’s arrest until 1961, it took another six years before he was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and arrested in Brazil
31 July 2020 firearms exports to Brazil surge as gun ownership increases under Bolsonaro: 31 July 2020: Firearms exports from Austria to Brazil have surged by more than 377% in the first half of this year as gun ownership increases under the South American country’s neo-fascist linked president Jair Bolsonaro
Austria/Czech Republic relations: Austria/Czech Republic relations - Austrian Empire
Austria/France relations: Austria/France relations, as Austria has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Strasbourg, and as France has an embassy in Vienna
1792-1797 War of the First Coalition against the French Revolution: 1792-1797 War of the First Coalition, the wars that several European powers fought against the French First Republic founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution - 19 June 1796 Battle of Kircheib, a military engagement during the War of the First Coalition as French and Austrian troops clashed at Kircheib in the Westerwald uplands in present-day Germany, as several counter-revolutionary European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government
16 March 2021 France to return 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' Klimt painting looted by the Nazis in 1938: 16 March 2021: The French government has announced that it will return a Gustav Klimt landscape painting to its rightful owners more than 80 years after it was stolen by the Nazis from a Jewish family in Austria in 1938, after the colourful 1905 oil work 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' by the Austrian symbolist painter has been hanging in the Musée d’Orsay in Paris for decades
Austria/Germany relations: Austria/Germany relations - History of the Holy Roman Empire 962–1806 - Military history of the Holy Roman Empire - Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
Austrian Empire 1804–1867 - Military history of Austria
9 November 1848 democrat Robert Blum executed in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
1914-1918 World War I: July Crisis 1914 - 5/6 July 1914 Hoyos Mission and 'Blank cheque' in Berlin - 1914-1918 World War I
1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss': 1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss'
1939-1945 The Holocaust in Austria during World War II: The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
March 1945 Rechnitz massacre, Thyssen and aftermath: März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - Thyssen family - 28 June 2017/13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later
2012 October 2012 Vienna's first monument to remember people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve: 12 October 2012: Vienna will erect first monument to remember the thousands of people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve in the military during World War II
2013 Nazi concentration camps and Vienna's Philharmonic Orchestra: 10 mars 2013: Des historiens exhument le passé nazi de l'orchestre philharmonique de Vienne - 12 mai 2013: Plus de 10.000 personnes venues de plus de 50 pays ont commémoré dimanche le 68e anniversaire de la libération du camp de concentration nazi de Mauthausen
2014 Vienna's monument to remember resistance opened: 24. Oktober 2014: Denkmal für die Verfolgten der NS-Militärjustiz als zentrale österreichische Gedenkstätte für Deserteure des NS-Regimes am Wiener Ballhausplatz von Bundespräsident Heinz Fischer der Öffentlichkeit übergeben
2015 BND/NSA cooperation: 5. Mai 2015: Nach Berichten, daß der BND dem USA-Geheimdienst NSA beim Ausspionieren österreichischer Behörden geholfen habe, erstattet Österreich Strafanzeige
June 2018: 16 juin 2018: L'exécutif autrichien a demandé à l'Allemagne des explications après de nouvelles allégations visant les services secrets allemands, accusés d'avoir espionné un grand nombre d'institutions et d'entreprises en Autriche, dont des ambassades et organisations internationales
6 November 2020 German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack: 6 November 2020: German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack, as sites in Osnabrueck, Kassel and Pinneberg located 18 km northwest of the city centre of Hamburg were searched because 'there may be links to the alleged assassin', and carried out on a request from Austrian authorities, according to BKA
Austria/Hungary relations: Austria/Hungary relations - Hungarians in Austria - History of the Hungarians in Vienna
1867-1918: Austria-Hungary 1867-1918
1914-1918: World War I 1914-1918
Austria/Israel relations: Austria/Israel relations
History of the Jews in Austria: History of the Jews in Austria
1938-1945 The Holocaust in Austria and Nazi concentration camps in Austria: The Holocaust in Austria - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
2014 Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen: 24 July 2014: Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen
Austrian soccer team positive for virus playing Israeli team: 4 October 2020: 3 players for Austrian soccer team positive for virus after playing Israeli team which says it had no new cases of infection among those who played
Austria/Italy relations: Austria/Italy relations
1848/1849 First Italian War of Independence and first aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice: First Italian War of Independence 1848-1849 following Revolution of 1848 in the Italian states - Republic of San Marco 1848-1849 reconquered by Austrian troops following a long siege and an Austrian bombardment 1849 - 1849 First aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice
1914-1918 World War I: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I 1914-1918 - Deutscher Giftgaseinsatz und Massenmord an Italiern entschied im Herbst 1917 die Schlacht bei Kobarid (19. Mai 1998)
2016: 2 avril 2016: L'Autriche envoie l'armée à la frontière italienne contre un afflux de migrants et de réfugiés cherchant à gagner le nord de l'Europe - 27 April 2016: Austria plans Italian border fence to control refugee and migrant flow, as Italy says Brenner Pass restrictions would be illogical and against EU rules
2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy, as Brussels urged Europe to help Italian authorities manage an 'unprecedented' arrival of people from north Africa
Austria/Poland relations: Austria/Poland relations
Since 1772 partitions of Poland conducted by Austria, Prussia and Russia: Since 1772 partitions of Poland conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria
1938-1945 relationship between Austria and Poland and Axis powers' war crimes: Relationship between Austria and Poland, that started at 1920 disappeared at 1938, following the Anschluss which Nazi Germany, and until 1945 relationship went tense due to German invasion of Poland, thus sparked the World War II, and Austria participated in the occupation of Poland and had committed many crimes against Polish people under the banner of Nazi Germany
Nazi war crimes in Poland and convicted Austrian Nazis: Nazi war crimes in Poland - Austrian Nazis convicted of war crimes - Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979
25 January 2020 Poland pushes for Nazi Gusen camp in Austria to be remembered: 25 January 2020: Poland pushes for Nazi camp in Austria to be remembered, charging that Gusen camp, a satellite of Mauthausen complex, is neglected by Austrian authorities, where some 35,800 detainees, many Polish, died
Austria/Russia relations: Austria/Russia relations
2016: 20 December 2016: Austrian Freedom Party's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Austrian party founded by former Nazis, signed a cooperation agreement with Russian Vladimir Putin's United Russia party and met with Michael Flynn, President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for national security adviser at Trump Tower in New York (USA)
Austria/Serbia relations: Austria/Serbia relations
Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria, there are between 200,000 and 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria
1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia: 1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia
1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49'): 1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49', took place in Vojvodina in Serbia, part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, achieving the establishment of Serbian Vojvodina (then Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar), a special autonomous region under the Austrian crown but failed certain expectations that Serbian patriots had expressed at the May 1848 Assembly (1848, as the administration was largely in the hands of German officials and officers, only keeping some rights for the Serb community, but the uprising had increased national awareness of the Serb people north of the Sava and Danube in the struggle for freedom
1908-1909 Bosnian crisis (Annexation crisis): 1908-1909 Bosnian crisis, also known as the Annexation crisis, when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, sparking protestations from all the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbours, Serbia and Montenegro
July 1914: 23 July 1914: Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia - July 1914 preparations for the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, content and Serbian response - 28/29 July 1914: Austria has declared war upon Serbia and Austro-Hungarian troops reportedly invaded Serbia by crossing the River Save at Mitrovitz
28 July 1914 - 1918 Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign: 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 Serbian Campaign of World War I, from late July 1914, when Austria-Hungary invaded the Kingdom of Serbia until the war's conclusion in November 1918, after the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, Allied and Serbian victory, and Serbian troops re-entering Belgrade on 1 November 1918
October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment: Arrest, prosecution, October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment, following the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers: April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia, a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II
April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade: 'Operation Retribution', the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact
1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, war crimes and resistance: 1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, resistance and Allied victory - Axis war crimes in Yugoslavia - Nazi war crimes in Serbia
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Austria/Slovenia relations: Austria/Slovenia relations
Austria-Slovenia border: Austria–Slovenia border - Austrian border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia against refugees from Syrian and some other countries in the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 4 November 2015: Austria has put up barbed wire at a border crossing with Slovenia used by hundreds of refugees and migrants despite chancellor's pledge
Austria/Switzerland relations: Austria/Switzerland relations - Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 - House of Habsburg originally from Aargau - Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy 1291-1516 - Swiss Confederacy, reformation, Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 and recognition of independence of Switzerland from the 'Holy Roman Empire' - The Congress of Vienna 1814/1815 re-established Swiss independence, European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality - During both World War I 1914-1918 and World War II 1939-1945 Switzerland's 'neutrality' allowed the growth of the Swiss banking industry
Austria/Syria relations: Austria/Syria relations
2016: 15 January 2015: The Syrian community in Austria calls on the Austrian Government to cut off economic relations with the Assad regime and to expel its ambassador to Vienna
Austria/Turkey relations: Austria/Turkey relations - Turks in Austria
1529: 1529 Siege of Vienna, first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna
1683: Battle of Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the city of Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months
1683-1699: Great Turkish War 1683-1699 between the Ottoman Empire and several contemporary European powers joined into 'Holy League'
1787–1791: Austro-Turkish War 1787–1791 - Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 1828–1908
1914-1918: Austrian and Ottoman empires allies during the First World War
2017: 5. März 2017: Bundeskanzler Christian Kern hat sich für ein EU-weites Verbot von Wahlkampfauftritten türkischer Politiker ausgesprochen und wirft Erdogans Regime vor, 'Menschenrechte und demokratische Grundrechte mit Füßen' zu treten
Austria/Ukraine relations: Austria/Ukraine relations - Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867-1918 - a big portion of West Ukraine (Galicia and Carpathia) were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today consisting of Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ternopil Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast and Zakarpattia Oblast
1914-1918 Central Powers's World War I: World War I 1914-1918 - during the war Ukraine was occupied by the Central powers military force including the Austro-Hungarian Empire's military that drove Bolsheviks out of the country
November 1917 'Decree on Peace', but February and March 1918 treaties of Brest-Litovsk: After 8 November 1917 'Decree on Peace', February 1918 'Treaty of Brest-Litovsk' Ukrainian People's Republic – Central Powers and 3 March 1918 'Treaty of Brest-Litovsk' peace treaty signed between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Tsardom of Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I signed at German-controlled Brest-Litovsk after two months of negotiations. The treaty was agreed upon by the new Russian Soviet power to stop further invasion. According to USA historian Spencer Tucker 'the German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator'. Congress Poland was not mentioned in the treaty, as Germans refused to recognize the existence of any Polish representatives, which in turn led to Polish protests. When Germans later complained that the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in the West was too harsh on them, the Allied Powers responded that it was more benign than the terms imposed by the Brest-Litovsk treaty.
May 2015 Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon to the USA over corruption: 1 May 2015: An Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon in gas trading and chemicals Dmytro Firtash to the USA over corruption charges, indicted in 2013 along with a member of India's parliament and four others
Austria/United Kingdom relations: Austria/United Kingdom relations
Environment of Austria: Environment of Austria - Natural history of Austria
Protected areas of Austria: Protected areas of Austria
Environmental issues in Austria: Environmental issues in Austria, including waste disposal, pollution, noise, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide levels, as well as emissions by the iron, steel, and ceramics industries
Water in Austria: Water in Austria - Rivers of Austria - List of rivers of Austria by draining - Danube, Europe's second-longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe - List of lakes of Austria
Natural disasters in Austria: Natural disasters in Austria
Floods in Austria: Floods in Austria
June 2009 European floods: June 2009 European floods
May/June 2013 European floods: May/June 2013 European floods
May-June 2016 European floods: May-June 2016 European floods
Avalanches in Austria: Avalanches in Austria


Belarus - Geography of Belarus - History of Belarus - Demographics of Belarus
Economy of Belarus: Economy of Belarus - main industries include petrochemicals, potash, foodstuffs, timber, metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, textiles, radios, refrigerators - List of companies of Belarus - Companies of Belarus by industry ?risis of 2011 - 4. Juni 2011: Putin hilft Lukaschenko mit 3 Mrd. $ - 5. August: Weißrussischer Staatsbetrieb 'Belaruskali' erhält 2 Mrd. Dollar Kredit von 'Deutscher Bank' und russischer 'Sberbank'
Energy in Belarus: Energy in Belarus
2016: 9 August 2016: 30 years after world’s worst nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Belarus, which saw a quarter of its territory contaminated in the disaster, is building its first energy plant powered by the atom, as neighbouring countries denounce 'Soviet-style secrecy’ over accidents during energy site’s construction
Agriculture in Belarus: Agriculture in Belarus - products include grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax, beef, milk
Banking in Belarus: Banking in Belarus
Economic history of Belarus and economic cycles: Economic history of Belarus
Labor and trade unioms in Belarus: Labor in Belarus - Trade unions in Belarus
Politics of Belarus: Politics of Belarus
2010 Presidential election: Presidential election 2010
2012 Parliamentary election: Parliamentary election 23 September 2012 - 23 September: Belarus is holding parliamentary elections without the country's main opposition parties, after a boycott was called on the grounds of election irregularities and illegal detentions - 24. September 2012: Nach 'Parlamentswahl' Opposition voraussichtlich ohne Mandat - 24 September 2012: Western observers of parliamentary election say the election was 'not competitive from the start'
2015: 16 April 2015: Belarus imposes ‘social parasite’ law to fine unemployed, now facing an unemployment tax from the government - 29 August 2015: Belarusian opposition call on their supporters to boycott October's presidential poll, saying it has already been rigged - 24 September: At a rally in the Belarusian capital Minsk opposition leader Statkevich calls for presidential election boycott since opposition figures were barred from running
October 2015 Belarusian presidential election: 11 October 2015 Belarusian presidential election - 12 October: Lukashenko wins fifth term - 13 October: Belarusian presidential election fell short of democratic standards, international monitors say
September 2016 Belarusian parliamentary election: 11 September 2016 Belarusian parliamentary election - 12 September 2016: Anna Konopatskaya of the United Civil Party became the first opposition parliamentarian in Belarus in 20 years
November 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election: 17 November 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election - 17 November 2019: Belarus’ authoritarian president has disdainfully brushed off concerns that Sunday’s parliament election, from which many opposition figures have been excluded, would be regarded as neither free nor fair
26 July 2020 3 women entering campaign for next month’s presidential election: 26 July 2020: Three women are spearheading a maverick opposition campaign for next month’s presidential election in Belarus, transforming the country’s politics as they attempt to unseat Alexander Lukashenko, who has ruled for 25 years
August 2020 Belarusian presidential election: 9 August 2020 Belarusian presidential election - Registered candidates for presidential election 2020 by the Central Election Commission of Belarus - Internet polls as independent sociological studies that would make it possible to objectively evaluate the rating of potential candidates are not conducted in Belarus
10 August 2020 election marred by allegations of vote-rigging: 10 August 2020: Video from a polling station in Minsk appears to show a member of the electoral commission climbing down a ladder from a second-storey window with a bag assumed to contain voting slips, as clashes broke out in cities across Belarus on Sunday evening as riot police clashed with protesters after Alexander Lukashenko, who has ruled for 26 years, claimed a landslide victory in a presidential election marred by allegations of vote-rigging
11 August 2020 Belarus president cuts off internet amid widespread protests: 11 August 2020: Belarus president cuts off internet amid widespread protests, as Lukashenko hopes communications blackout will disrupt protests over elections
13 August 2020 second death in police custody: 13 August 2020: Belarus has confirmed that a young man has died in police custody, the second death since mass protests began on Sunday, as Alexander Vikhor left in van for hours after being detained in Gomel, mother tells local news
14 August 2020 Belarus pledges to release all protesters as evidence of beatings mounts: 14 August 2020: Belarus’s deputy interior minister pledges to release all protesters as evidence of beatings mounts, as EU set to discuss possible sanctions against Minsk, and as Russian regime says protests a ‘clear attempt at outside interference’
15 August 2020 pressure mounts on Lukashenko to go as he appeals to Russia for support: 15 August 2020: Pressure mounts on Alexander Lukashenko to go as he appeals to Russia for support and as protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police, calling for the country’s authoritarian president to resign after 26 years in power
16 August 2020 'shot right in the chest', partner denies Belarus protester died from own bomb: 16 August 2020: Elena German, the partner of Alexander Taraikovsky, who died during a protest against Lukashenko, denies he died from own bomb, saying only injury was to his chest after visiting the morgue and seeing his body on Friday, as video taken by an AP journalist shows Taraikovsky with a bloodied shirt before collapsing on the ground
16/17 August 2020 embattled Lukashenko sends SOS to Putin amid mass protests: 16/17 August 2020: Embattled Lukashenko sends SOS to Putin, as Belarusian workers chant 'leave', as strike action spread to state TV and as protests continue - 17 August 2020: Belarusian presidential candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya has announced readiness to become a national leader so that the country 'calms down and gets back to a normal rhythm'
22 August 2020 protesters remain defiant after week of fear, pride and hope: 22 August 2020: As protesters remain defiant, Minsk still in revolt after week of fear, pride and hope
23 August 2020 Lukashenko 'promised to solve' the issue of protests as Belarusians preparing for more rallies: 23 August 2020: Belarusians are preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Alexander Lukashenko, after he 'promised to solve' the issue of protests within a few days and told his military to be on full combat alert to deal with supposed 'external threats'
24 August 2020 two opposition leaders arrested in Belarus after day of protest: 24 August 2020: Belarusian police detained Sergei Dylevsky, a factory worker who has become a prominent strike leader, and Olga Kovalkova, an aide to Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, the opposition politician who stood against Lukashenko in elections earlier this month but was forced to flee the country after the vote
26 August 2020 Nobel prize-winning author Svetlana Alexievich questioned by Lukashenko's auxiliary troops: 26 August 2020: Lukashenko's authorities in Belarus have questioned the Nobel prize-winning author Svetlana Alexievich as part of an investigation into an opposition council created to facilitate a political transition in the country
28 August 2020 crackdown on local and foreign media people: 28 August 2020: Swedish photojournalist Paul Hansen deported from Belarus, amid a crackdown on local and foreign media people including 50 reporters, detained by police and ahead of further mass protests planned for this weekend against the dictator Lukashenko, as British foreign secretary Dominic Raab condemned the attack on press freedom
7 September 2020 Belarus opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova 'snatched from street' in Minsk: 7 September 2020: Unidentified masked men snatched the leading Belarusian opposition figure Maria Kolesnikova from the street in the centre of the capital Minsk on Monday and drove her away in a minivan, witnesses told local media
8 September 2020 Maria Kolesnikova detained by Belarusian authorities after resisting expulsion on Ukraine border: 8 September 2020: Opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova detained by Belarusian authorities, after thwarting what a Ukrainian government minister described as an attempt to expel her from Belarus
9 September 2020 Lukashenko forces have detained lawyer Maxim Znak: 9 September 2020: Belarusian Lukashenko forces have detained lawyer Maxim Znak, one of the last leading members of an opposition council who had remained free, moving methodically to end a month of protests against Lukashenko
14 September 2020 embattled Lukashenko flies to Sochi for Putin talks amid ongoing protest movement: 14 September 2020: Embattled Lukashenko flies to Sochi for Putin talks amid ongoing protest movement against him, as incidents caught on camera show that, for the first time, police have been willing to use violence against female protesters
15 September 2020 Lukashenko's armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment: 15 September 2020: Belarusian armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands of people and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment in recent weeks following the August 2020 presidential election, Human Rights Watch said today
20 September 2020 hackers leaked data of brutal police officers followed by tens of thousands of protesters marching through Minsk: 20 September 2020: Anonymous hackers leaked the personal data of 1,000 Belarusian police officers in retaliation for a crackdown on street demonstrations against Alexander Lukashenko, as tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away', and as at least 10 people were detained
24 September 2020 protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again: 24 September 2020: Protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again, as water cannon and stun grenades used by riot squad after opposition denounce president’s secret ceremony as illegitimate
24 September 2020 video shows taxi driver helping protester escape police in Belarus: 24 September 2020: An unnamed Belarusian taxi driver who helped a man escape from riot police during protests against Lukashenko has transfixed social media users who have shared footage of the dramatic incident
26 September 2020 Switzerland woman arrested in Minsk: 26 septembre 2020: Une femme suisse et biélorusse a été interpellée lors d’une manifestation contre le pouvoir en place à Minsk
27 September 2020 police disperse 'people's inauguration' rallies with teargas: 27 September 2020: Masked police dragged people into vans and fired stun grenades and teargas to disperse crowds as tens of thousands marched for a seventh straight weekend through Minsk and other cities to demand the resignation of Lukashenko - 27 septembre 2020: Environ 200 personnes arrêtées lors de rassemblements d’opposition
12/13 October 2020 Belarusian regime threatened to fire on protesters: 12/13 October 2020: Belarusian regime threatened to fire on protesters to break up demonstrations against Lukashenko, as EU foreign ministers agreed to impose sanctions personally targeting the strongman leader
26 October 2020 Belarusian riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk: 26 October 2020: Belarusian riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk on Sunday, throwing stun grenades into crowds of peaceful protesters, chasing people through courtyards and making arrests as they attempted to curtail the 11th consecutive Sunday protest with at least 100,000 people marching through the capital
27 October 2020 riot police in Minsk bursting into an apartment searching for protesters seeking refuge: 27 October 2020: Video shows riot police in Minsk bursting into an apartment in the city searching for protesters who had been seeking refuge after officers used stun grenades at a rally against the regime of Alexander Lukashenko, who continues to hold on to power despite two months of mass protests since he declared victory
15 November 2020 Belarusians have protested against the death of Roman Bondarenko in police custody: 15 November 2020: Thousands of Belarusians have protested against the death in police custody of a military veteran and children’s art teacher arrested for his opposition to authoritarian leader Lukashenko
16 December 2020 EU sanctions against regime and price for Svetlana Tikhanovskaďa: 26 décembre 2020: La cheffe de file de l’opposition au président Loukachenko au Bélarus, Svetlana Tikhanovskaďa, a reçu mercredi le prix Sakharov lors d’une cérémonie au Parlement européen, tandis que l’UE décidait au même moment d’élargir ses sanctions contre Minsk
11 February 2021 Lukashenko tells loyalists he defeated foreign ‘blitzkrieg’: 11 February 2021: Lukashenko tells loyalists he defeated foreign ‘blitzkrieg’, declaring victory over what he said was foreign attempts to overthrow his government and showed no signs of heeding the embattled opposition’s calls for him to resign
23 May 2021 Belarus accused of ‘hijacking’ Ryanair flight diverted to arrest blogger: 23 May 2021: Belarus has been accused of hijacking a European jetliner and engaging in an act of state terrorism when it forced a Ryanair flight to perform an emergency landing in Minsk after a bomb threat and arrested the opposition blogger Roman Protasevich critical of authoritarian president Alexander Lukashenko, wanted for organising last year’s protests against Lukashenko
24 May 2021 Ryanair’s CEO believes Belarusian KGB agents travelling on the plane diverted to Minsk: 24 May 2021: Ryanair’s CEO has said he believes that agents of the Belarusian KGB were travelling on the plane that was diverted to Minsk on Sunday, as EU leaders prepared to meet to discuss what action to take against Belarus, after Belarusian police arrested opposition blogger Roman Protasevich and Sofia Sapega and after forcing Ryanair flight to land in Minsk, sparking outrage from European leaders, who have called the plane’s grounding a hijacking and act of 'air piracy' - 24 May 2021: Roman Protasevich had told friends he was being followed in Athens. Hours later he was escorted away at Minsk airport, the 'Guardian' reports - 24 May 2021: EU says the landing of a Ryanair plane flying en route from Athens to Vilnius in Lithuania was forced by a Belarusian military aircraft
25 May 2021 Belarus journalist’s father says video confession carried out under duress: 25 May 2021: The father of the Belarusian journalist Raman Pratasevich said it was clear his son was acting under duress and had been beaten when he recorded a video 'confessing' to organising mass protests against the regime, as Dmitry Pratasevich said Raman was 'very nervous' and 'spoke in a way that was unusual for him'
26 May 2021 Belarus regime uses video 'confessions' as a tool to silence dissent: 26 May 2021: Belarus regime uses video 'confessions' as a tool to silence dissent, according to the 'Guardian', saying Raman Pratasevich and Sofia Sapega are just the latest to be forced into the widespread tactic
28 May 2021 Putin offered Lukashenko support in his standoff with the West over grounding of jet: 28 May 2021: Russian regime's Putin offered his Belarusian counterpart Lukashenko support in his standoff with the West over his handling of the grounding of a passenger jet and the arrest of a dissident blogger
1 June 2021 Belarusian activist stabs himself in court: 1 June 2021: Belarusian activist stabs himself in court, as Stsiapan Latypau carried out unconscious after claiming he was pressured to plead guilty
4 June 2021 Lukashenko regime airs more footage of detained activist as family call it ‘hostage’ video: 4 June 2021: Belarusian Lukashenko regime airs more footage of detained activist as family call it ‘hostage’ video, as supporters say Raman Pratasevich’s apparent confession was result of ‘abuse, torture and threats’ and as in the nearly hour-long appearance Pratasevich gave remarks inconsistent with his previous political views
6 July 2021 Belarus jailed former presidential contender Viktor Babariko for 14 years sparking condemnation: 6 July 2021: Belarus jailed former presidential contender Viktor Babariko for 14 years on Tuesday after convicting him on corruption charges he denied, sparking condemnation from the West and the embattled opposition-in-exile
1 August 2021 Belarusian sprinter voiced fears for her safety as she refused an order to fly home: 1 August 2021: Belarusian sprinter Krystsina Tsimanouskaya voiced fears for her safety as she refused an order to fly home early from the Olympics for criticising her coaches, saying she was forced to pack before being taken to the airport in Tokyo against her will, and that she sought police protection at the terminal so she would not have to board the flight
2 August 2021 Belarusian Krystina Timanovskaya at the Polish embassy in Tokyo given Polish visa: 2 August 2021: Belarus Olympian Krystina Timanovskaya at the Polish embassy in Tokyo given Polish visa after refusing 'forced' flight home, now also under protection from Japanese police
3 August 2021 Vitaly Shishov who helped Belarusians fleeing persecution found dead in Kyiv: 3 August 2021: The head of a Kyiv-based non-profit organisation, Vitaly Shishov, that helps Belarusians fleeing persecution has been found dead in a park in the Ukrainian capital, police have said, raising suspicion that he may have been murdered - 3 August 2021: The Belarusian House in Ukraine non-profit claimed their chief, Vitaliy Shishov who on Tuesday was found hanged in a Kyiv park, had been under surveillance
4 August 2021 'Freedom is worth fighting for’ Belarus activist Maria Kolesnikova says going on trial: 4 August 2021: Maria Kolesnikova and Maxim Znak appeared at a court in the capital Minsk on Wednesday, as - if found guilty - they could each face up to 12 years in prison, after Belarus was gripped by mass protests last year, triggered by an election widely seen to have been rigged in favour of Lukashenko
5 August 2021 Belarus sprinter took refuge in Poland after seeking help in Japanese airport: 5 August 2021: Belarus sprinter who took refuge in Poland tells compatriots ‘not to be afraid’, as Krystsina Tsimanouskaya has arrived in Poland under diplomatic protection against Lukashenko regime after seeking help in Japanese airport
6 September 2021 Belarus court sentenced protesst leader Maria Kolesnikova to 11 years in prison: 6 September 2021: Belarus court sentenced key opposition figure Maria Kolesnikova, who led mass protests against President Alexander Lukashenko last year, to 11 years in prison on national security charges
30 September 2021 KGB officers detained 50 people following shooting incident that left an IT worker and a KGB officer dead: 30 September 2021: Belarusian KGB officers have detained 50 people on charges of insulting a government official or inciting social hatred, following a shooting incident in which an IT worker and a KGB officer died, Viasna-96 human rights group said
22 October 2021 Belarus accused of deliberately abandoning freezing migrants near its border to Poland: 22 October 2021: Polish authorities accuse Belarus of deliberately abandoning migrants near its border in an attempt to destabilise the EU because the bloc imposing sanctions on Belarus after its disputed election, as in the coming winter season migrants are dying in Poland's forested border with Belarus, and as countries are locked in a geopolitical standoff
13 November 2021 Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus: 13 November 2021: Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus, as Polish police say cause of death not determined after body discovered in woods near village of Wolka Terechowska
Social movements and protests in Belarus: Belarusian democracy movement
2010 election crackdown and protests: December 2010 election crackdown
2011/2012 Belarusian protests and regime's violence: 2011 Belarusian protests - 14. Mai 2011: Andrej Sannikow zu 5 Jahren Straflager verurteilt - 20. Mai: Weitere Haftstrafen für Opposition - EU-Sanktionen? - 30. Juni 2011: Erneut Festnahmen von zahlreichen Demonstranten und Reportern - 3 July 2011: Violence and arrests in a crackdown on anti-government protests - 7. Juli 2011: Wieder Festnahmen bei Protesten in Minsk und anderen Städten - 13. Juli 2011: Polizei in Minsk prügelt Demonstranten - 20. Juli 2011: Klatschen gegen das Regime in Weißrußland - 8. Oktober 2011: Angesichts der Wirtschaftskrise fordern Demonstranten Neuwahlen von Präsident und Parlament - 13 March 2012: Belarus added to web censorship blacklist - 25. März 2012: Tausende bei regierungskritischer Kundgebung - Freilassung politischer Gefangener und demokratische Reformen gefordert - 23. Juni 2012: Der Journalist Andrzej Poczobut wegen angeblicher Präsidentenbeleidigung verhaftet
2015 opposition protest: 11 October 2015: Hundreds of opposition protesters marched in the capital Minsk on the eve of a presidential election, as opposition leaders say Belarusian presidential election is a sham
2016 opposition protest: 12 September 2016: Several hundred people have gathered in Minsk in protest of the parliamentary elections on Sunday, saying new vote must be held and demanding that the resignation of Lukashenko
Since February 2017 Belarusian protests: Since February 2017 Belarusian protests - 17 March 2017: 'Basta' and 'we are not slaves', these are the most popular slogans brandished at the Belarusian protests, which have seen thousands take to the streets and more than 100 people detained in a government crackdown - 23 March 2017: Human rights organisations have called on Belarusian authorities to drop all charges immediately against writers, publishers and journalists who have been arrested following a wave of nationwide protests, demanding the cancellation of the newly introduced Presidential Decree No. 3, which imposes a tax on the unemployed
March 2018 opposition protesters arrested: 25 March 2018: Scores of protesters were arrested Sunday in the capital of Belarus as supporters of the country’s repressed opposition tried to hold a march to mark the 100th anniversary of the short-lived Belarusian People’s Republic of 1918-19, seen by the opposition as the foundation of an independent Belarus
7 December 2019 protesters rally against closer Russia ties: 7 December 2019: More than 1,000 people took to the streets of Belarus to protest against closer ties with Russian regime as Putin hosted Belarusian Alexander Lukashenko in the Russian city of Sochi
Since 24 May 2020 Belarusian protests: Since 24 May 2020 Belarusian protests, a series of political demonstrations against the Belarusian regime of Lukashenko, as demonstrations, which are part of the Belarusian democracy movement, began in the lead-up to and during the August 2020 Belarusian election
31 July 2020 tens of thousands support Belarusian opposition: 31 July 2020: Tens of thousands of supporters of the Belarusian opposition candidates crowded into a Minsk square on Thursday evening before upcoming elections for what may have been the largest political rally in the country’s modern history
10 August 2020 Belarus regime cracks down on mass protests: 10 August 2020: Belarus regime cracks down on mass protests as opposition refuses to recognise official election win by Lukashenko
10 August 2020 demonstrator Alexander Taraikovsky died in Minsk: Demonstrator Alexander Taraikovsky died on 10 August 2020 in Minsk during the 2020 Belarusian protests, during which police have used tear gas, rubber bullets and stun grenades against protestors
15 August 2020 protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police: 15 August 2020: Protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police, calling for the country’s authoritarian president to resign after 26 years in power
16 August 2020 Belarusians gather in Minsk in thousands for biggest protest yet: 16 August 2020: Belarusians gather in Minsk in thousands for biggest protest yet, as Lukashenko claims war criminal Putin has offered him ‘comprehensive help’
17 August 2020 Belarusia's Lukashenko heckled by workers chanting 'leave': 17 August 2020: Belarusia's Alexander Lukashenko has been heckled by workers on a visit to a factory as anger mounts over his disputed re-election, and workers chanted 'leave' and booed the long-time oppressor, as strike action spread to state TV with staff walking out on Monday, and as Belarusian opposition has called for a general strike from Monday to continue the momentum after the massed protests on the weekend
22 August 2020 protesters remain defiant after week of fear, pride and hope: 22 August 2020: As protesters remain defiant, Minsk still in revolt after week of fear, pride and hope
23 August 2020 Belarusians preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Lukashenko: 23 August 2020: Belarusians are preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Alexander Lukashenko, after he 'promised to solve' the issue of protests within a few days and told his military to be on full combat alert to deal with supposed 'external threats'
30 August 2020 tens of thousands of protesters in Minsk against Lukashenko: 30 août 2020: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants dénonçant le pouvoir de Loukachenko sont descendus dans les rues de Minsk à l’appel de l’opposition pour le troisième dimanche consécutif, malgré une présence massive des forces antiémeutes, y compris de véhicules blindés, qui ont empêché plusieurs cortèges d’opposants de se rejoindre, selon des estimations de l’AFP et de médias locaux - 30 août 2020: La police biélorusse a arrêté dimanche des dizaines de personnes lors de la grande manifestation de l’opposition à Minsk, en tentant de disperser le rassemblement
6 September 2020 protests show no sign of fading as 100,000 turn out in Minsk and more in other cities: 6 September 2020: Belarus protests show no sign of fading as 100,000 citizens turn out in Minsk, as similar marches held in other cities including Brest a month after disputed election
12/13 September 2020 about 10,000 women marched through Minsk against Putin's poodle Lukashenko: 13 September 2020: About 10,000 women marched noisily through the Belarusian capital on Saturday, beating pots and pans and shouting for the resignation of Putin's poodle Lukashenko, as at least 70 citizens were detained and many carried portraits of Maria Kolesnikova of the opposition Coordination Council who was jailed this week
13 September 2020 protest against Lukashenko on Sunday: 13 septembre 2020: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants ont défilé à Minsk dimanche à l’appel de l’opposition, une mobilisation qui ne faiblit pas pour protester contre Loukachenko malgré la répression, car la police a procédé à 400 arrestations - 13 September 2020: 100,000 citizens join rally against Lukashenko on eve of Putin showdown
15 September 2020 Lukashenko's armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment: 15 September 2020: Belarusian armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands of people and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment in recent weeks following the August 2020 presidential election, Human Rights Watch said today
19 September 2020 women's march and arrested pro-democracy protesters: 19 septembre 2020: Les forces 'anti-émeutes' bélarusses ont arrêté samedi des centaines de personnes lors d’une marche de femmes à Minsk contre Alexandre Loukachenko
20 September 2020 tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away': 20 September 2020: Anonymous hackers leaked the personal data of 1,000 Belarusian police officers in retaliation for a crackdown on street demonstrations against Alexander Lukashenko, as tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away', and as at least 10 people were detained
24 September 2020 protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again: 24 September 2020: Protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again, as water cannon and stun grenades used by riot squad after opposition denounce president’s secret ceremony as illegitimate
24 September 2020 video shows taxi driver helping protester escape police in Belarus: 24 September 2020: An unnamed Belarusian taxi driver who helped a man escape from riot police during protests against Lukashenko has transfixed social media users who have shared footage of the dramatic incident
27 September 2020 police disperse 'people's inauguration' rallies with teargas: 27 September 2020: Masked police dragged people into vans and fired stun grenades and teargas to disperse crowds as tens of thousands marched for a seventh straight weekend through Minsk and other cities to demand the resignation of Lukashenko
4 October 2020 Minsk protest and arrest of citizens: 4 octobre 2020: Dizaines de milliers d’opposants au pouvoir bélarusse ont commencé à défiler au centre-ville de Minsk ce dimanche pour dénoncer la réélection jugée frauduleuse du président, et la police a déjà procédé à plusieurs arrestations
5 October 2020 seniors in Minsk lined up in a chain of solidarity: On 5 October seniors gathered outside St. Helen Church in Minsk, formed a column and rallied towards Independence Ave, entering October Square, as protesters lined up in a chain of solidarity, while being actively supported with honking from passing cars
12/13 October 2020 Belarusian protests continue as regime threatens to fire on protesters: 12/13 October 2020: As Belarusian protests coninue regime threatens to fire on protesters to break up demonstrations against Lukashenko, and as EU foreign ministers agreed to impose sanctions personally targeting the strongman leader
18 October 2020 tens of thousands rally against Lukashenka despite police threats of force: 18 October 2020: Tens of thousands of Belarusian citizens took to the streets on October 18 to protest the authoritarian rule of Alyaksandr Lukashenka, marching peacefully through the center of Minsk as the nationwide protest movement reached its 11th week, despite authorities' threat to open fire on demonstrators
25 October 2020 mass protests against Lukashenko as Belarus opposition threatens strikes: 25 October 2020: Mass protests against Lukashenko as Belarus opposition threatens strikes
26 October 2020 as at least 100,000 people marched in Minsk riot police launched another violent crackdown: 26 October 2020: Riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk on Sunday, throwing stun grenades into crowds of peaceful protesters, chasing people through courtyards and making arrests as they attempted to curtail the 11th consecutive Sunday protest with at least 100,000 people marching through the capital
26 October 2020 workers and students across Belarus have launched strikes: 26 October 2020: Workers and students across Belarus have launched strikes in a further show of defiance at the regime of Alexander Lukashenko
1 November 2020 Belarus protesters use Telegram to keep up pressure on Lukashenko: 1 November 2020: Belarus protesters use Telegram to keep up pressure on Lukashenko, as secure messaging app pivotal to organisation of protests and spreading of news about repressions
15 November 2020 Belarus protests and police violence: 15 November 2020: Thousands of Belarusians have protested against the death in police custody of a military veteran and children’s art teacher arrested for his opposition to authoritarian leader Lukashenko - 15 novembre 2020: Sur fond de colère suite à la mort de l'opposant Roman Bondarenko qui avait été interpellé par la police, une nouvelle manifestation contre Loukachenko a lieu dimanche dans la capitale bélarusse, mais les forces armées ont commencé à disperser la manifestation à Minsk quasi immédiatement après son début en utilisant notamment des grenades assourdissantes et du gaz lacrymogène, et onze personnes auraient été interpellées, selon une organisation de défense des droits humains
22 November 2020 Belarus protests continue despite arrests: 22 novembre 2020: Les partisans de l’opposition bélarusse ont de nouveau manifesté dimanche contre le président Loukachenko, confronté à une contestation inédite depuis sa réélection controversée début août, et plusieurs colonnes de manifestants, soit quelques dizaines de milliers de personnes selon une journaliste de l’AFP, ont défilé dans différents quartiers de Minsk
29 November 2020 endangered Belarus protests continue: 29 novembre 2020: L’opposition à nouveau dans la rue mais en petits groupes, car les opposants au régime du président Loukachenko ont changé de tactique en privilégiant la multiplication de petits rassemblements dans différents quartiers de Minsk
20 December 2020 151 anti-Lukashenko demonstrators detained in Belarus: 20 December 2020: Thousands in Belarus protest Lukashenko’s rule - 20 December 2020: Belarusian rights group says regime forces have detained protesters calling on strongman Lukashenka to step down, as Vyasna rights group published the names of 151 people detained in the capital Minsk and the cities of Barysau, Homel, Hrodna, Salihorsk, Smilovichi, Navapolatsk, Brest, and other locations
25 March 2021 Belarus regime's police arrest dozens at Freedom Day rallies: 25 March 2021: Over 50 protesters were arrested in Belarus at Freedom Day rallies during demonstrations against Lukashenko, as military vehicles were sent into Minsk city center to squash the scattered groups of protesters, with riot police using water cannons on demonstrators
27 March 2021 police detained more than 200 people in Minsk to prevent fresh protests: 27 March 2021: Police in Belarus detained more than 200 people and cordoned off streets in the capital Minsk to prevent fresh protests on March 27, as the opposition vowed to breathe new life into the pro-democracy movement after braving months of repression
Since July 2021 protests and Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests
14 November 2021 Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border: 14 November 2021: Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border with Belarus and entered Poland near the village of Starzyna, as thousands of refugees and migrants including Syrians have travelled to Belarus in the hope of crossing into the EU, only to find themselves trapped on the border in freezing conditions, France24 Gulliver Cragg reports from the border
Society, demographics, languages, culture and human rights in Belarus: Belarusian society
Human rights in Belarus: Human rights in Belarus
Persecution of political dissidents and extrajudicial use of judiciary: Government-sponsored hostage-taking in Belarus - Persecution of political dissidents, Extrajudicial use of judiciary, Harassment and censorship of independent media, Authorities interfere in trade-union elections and independent trade-union leaders have been dismissed from their positions
2013 HRW report: 29 November 2016: As Belarus remains highly repressive, with the authorities suppressing virtually all dissent and severely impeding freedoms of association and assembly, the EU has good reason to maintain its sanctions and press for an end to abuses, Human Rights Watch says
2016 Belarus executions: 12 October 2016: Belarus resumes executions after EU sanctions dropped, as human rights report details abuse used to extract confessions in only European country to use death penalty
Regions and districts of Belarus: 6 regions of Belarus and the city of Minsk - Geography of Belarus by region - Districts of Belarus
Brest Region: Brest Region and administrative center Brest city
Minsk Region: Minsk Region with its administrative center Minsk
Vitebsk Region: Vitebsk Region, located near the border with Russia
Cities and towns in Belarus: List of cities and towns in Belarus by region
Minsk: Minsk, situated on the Svislac and the Nyamiha Rivers, has a special administrative status as the capital of Belarus and is also the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblasc) and Minsk District (rajon), with a population of 1,982,444 inhabitants in January 2018 - History of Minsk - Economy of Minsk, the economic capital of Belarus with industrial and services sectors which serve the needs not only of the city, but of the entire nation, as Minsk's contributions form nearly 46% of Belarusian budget
Timeline of Minsk: Timeline of Minsk since the Middle Ages
1793 Russian annexation: Since 1793, following partitions and partial annexations by the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia annexed the Minsk Voivodeship, ending a semi-independent duchy at least since 1067
1898 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party founded in Minsk: 1 March 1898 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party founded in Minsk, illegal for most of its existence as at the end of the 1st Party Congress all nine delegates were arrested by the Imperial Russian Police, the 2nd Congress was held in Brussels and London in 1903
Early 20th century Minsk a centre for the worker's movement: In the early years of the 20th century, Minsk was a major centre for the worker's movement within Belarus, and also one of the major centres of Belarusian national revival, along with Vilnia
June 1914 Minsk teachers institute founded: Minsk teachers institute (Minsk State Pedagogical University) founded in Minsk on 22 June 1914, opening in November 1914
1915 Minsk battle-front city of German empire's World War I: By 1915, Minsk became a battle-front city of German empire's World War I and its eastern front
February 1918 German empire's occupation of Minsk and military rule: February 1918 German imperial forces occupied Minsk and Belarus remained under German military rule during 1918 until the defeat of the aggressor
June 1941 German empire's bombing of Minsk in World War II: June 1941 German empire's bombing of Minsk in World War II, as much as 85% of the city's buildings and the entire infrastructure was destroyed, more than 1,000 people were killed
1941-1945 Nazi Germany's 'Reichskommissariat Ostland': 1941-1945 Nazi Germany's 'Reichskommissariat Ostland' occupation regime
Since July 1941 Minsk Ghetto: Since July 1941 Minsk Ghetto, created soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, one of the largest in Belorussian SSR, and the largest in the German-occupied territory of the Soviet Union, housing close to 100,000 Jews, most of whom perished in The Holocaust - 1942-1943 Maly Trostinets extermination camp on the outskirts of Minsk in 'Reichskommissariat Ostland'
Since 1944 Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum in Minsk: Since October 1944 Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum in Minsk after the liberation of Minsk from the Nazi invaders, making it the first World War II museum to open during the course of the war
Since 1946 Minsk Tractor Works: Since 1946 Minsk Tractor Works
Since 1948 Minsk State Linguistic University: Since 1948 Minsk State Linguistic University, specializing in 18 foreign languages
Since 1991 Minsk Belarusian capital: 1991 city of Minsk becomes capital of Republic of Belarus
March 2001 anti-Lukashenko demonstration: 21st century Minsk, as the new century also began in March 2001 with one of anti-Lukashenko demonstrations
2020–2021 ongoing Belarusian protests: 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, ongoing political demonstrations and protests against Lukashenko, the largest anti-government and pro-democracy protests in the history of Belarus, as demonstrations began in the lead-up to and during the 2020 presidential 'election' - 4 August 2021: Maria Kolesnikova and Maxim Znak appeared at a court in the capital Minsk on Wednesday, as - if found guilty - they could each face up to 12 years in prison, after Belarus was gripped by mass protests last year, triggered by an election widely seen to have been rigged in favour of Lukashenko
Grodno city: Grodno city city in western Belarus, located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania, with 365,610 inhabitants in 2016
History of Grodno: History of Grodno
Since November 1941 Grodno Ghetto: Grodno Ghetto, a World War II ghetto established in November 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Grodno for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Jews in Western Belarus
Brest city: Brest city (formerly Brest-Litowsk), a city with a population 347,576 inhabitants in 2018 at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol, where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet
History of Brest: History of Brest
March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Since 1941 Brzesc Ghetto: Brzesc Ghetto (Ghetto in Brest), a World War II Jewish ghetto created by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland in December 1941, six months after the German troops had overrun the Soviet-occupied zone of the Second Polish Republic under the codename Operation Barbarossa, less than a year after the creation of the Ghetto most of approximately 20,000 Jewish inhabitants of Brzesc were murdered, over 5,000 were executed locally at the Brest Fortress
Vitebsk: Vitebsk, the capital of the Viciebsk Region, with 342,381 inhabitants in 2004
History of Vitebsk: History of Vitebsk
Since July 1941 Vitebsk Ghetto and Ghetto massacre of October 1941: Since July 1941 Vitebsk Ghetto, created soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union and immediately after the Nazis took control of the town on 11 July 1941
Gomel Region (Gomel Oblast): Gomel Region (Gomel Oblast), with a population of 1,435,000 citizens in, one of the regions of Belarus as its administrative center is Gomel. Other important cities within the region include Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svietlahorsk, Rechytsa, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow and Dobrush. Both the Gomel Region and the Mogilev Region suffered severely from the Chernobyl disaster since April 1986. The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places, and parts of it have been designated as mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.
Territorial entities, disrricts, cities and towns of Gomel region: Administrative territorial entities, disrricts, cities and towns of Gomel region listed by 'Wikipedia'
Gomel city: Gomel city, the administrative centre of Gomel Region and with 526,872 inhabitants in 2015 the second-most populous city of Belarus
History of Gomel: History of Gomel
20s-21st centuries history of Gomel: 20s-21st centuries history of Gomel
Zhytkavichy town in Gomel Region and history: Zhytkavichy town in the Gomel Region of Belarus, an administrative center of Zhytkavichy District with a population of 16,600 citizens in the early 21st century. Erstmals 1457 schriftlich erwähnt, war die Ortschaft bis zur zweiten polnischen Teilung 1793 Teil des Großfürstentums Litauen in der Woiwodschaft Nowogródek und kam dann an das Gouvernement Minsk des Russischen Kaiserreiches. Während des Ersten Weltkriegs war die Ortschaft 1918 von Truppen des Deutschen Reiches in seinem Angriffskrieg gegen Rußland besetzt und nach dem Krieg wurde Schytkawitschy Bestandteil der BSSR innerhalb der Sowjetunion. Von August 1941 bis Juli 1944 war die Ortschaft von der Wehrmacht des NSDAP beherrschten Deutschen Reiches in seinem zweiten Weltkrieg, dem schrecklichsten der Geschichte, besetzt. 1971 erhielt Schytkawitschy den Status einer Stadt. Seit der Auflösung der Sowjetunion 1991 - und nachfolgend der Etablierung des verbrecherischen Putin Regimes in Rußland seit 1999/2000 mit seinen Kriegen gegen kaukasische Staaten, gegen die Ukraine und gegen die Bevölkerung Syriens - ist die Stadt Teil des verbündeten Nachfolgestaates Belarus.
Demographics and ethnic groups in Belarus: Demographics of Belarus - Ethnic groups in Belarus
History of the Jews in Belarus: History of the Jews in Belarus
Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, Nazi Germany crimes in Belarus: Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, the Nazi Germany crimes committed during World War II on the territory of Belarus against Jews
Culture of Belarus: Culture of Belarus
Jewish culture in Belarus: Jewish culture in Belarus
Languages of Belarus: Languages of Belarus - Belarusian language
Women and women's rights in Belarus: Belarusian women and women's rights
1926-1944 Belarusian resistance fighter Zinaida Martynovna Portnova tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944: 1926-1944 Zinaida Martynovna Portnova, a Belarusian teenager and partisan, who joined the Belarusian resistance movement after invading Nazi troops hit her grandmother while they were confiscating the cattle, was tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944, 25 years after the murder of Rosa Luxemburg - List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union
1872-1946 Belarusian-Israeli pathologist and scientist Sophia Getzowa: 1872-1946 Sophia Getzowa, a Belarusian-Israeli pathologist and scientist, who carried out widely cited research on the thyroid, identifying solid cell nests in 1907, later worked as a pathologist in Jerusalem, where she would become the first female professor in 1927, collaborating with a wide range of European scientists
1910-2001 politician Nadezhda Grekova: 1910-2001 Nadezhda Grekova, a Soviet Belarusian politician and the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Belorussian SSR 1938-1947
'Tell the Truth' member Tatsiana Karatkevich: Tatsiana Karatkevich, born 1977 in Minsk, is a Belarusian politician and member of the civic campaign 'Tell the Truth'
Children in Belarus: Belarusian children
1926-1944 Belarusian resistance fighter Zinaida Martynovna Portnova tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944: 1926-1944 Zinaida Martynovna Portnova, a Belarusian teenager and partisan, who joined the Belarusian resistance movement after invading Nazi troops hit her grandmother while they were confiscating the cattle, was tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944, 25 years after the murder of Rosa Luxemburg
Education in Belarus: Education in Belarus
Schools in Belarus: Schools in Belarus
Colleges and universities in Belarus: Universities and colleges in Belarus
Health in Belarus: Health in Belarus
Disease outbreaks in Belarus: Disease outbreaks in Belarus
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belarus: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belarus, part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2
August 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Belarus: August 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Belarus, counting 69,673 confirmed cases and 617 deaths on 18 August
Healthcare in Belarus: Healthcare in Belarus
List of hospitals in Belarus: List of hospitals in Belarus
Since February 2020 Belarus government response to covid-19 pandemic: Since February 2020 Belarus government response to covid-19 pandemic
Belarusian media: Belarusian media - Media in Belarus by city - Propaganda in Belarus
Censorship and harassment of media in Belarus: Censorship in Belarus - Harassment and censorship of independent media
2010 Reporters Without Borders report: Reporters Without Borders ranked Belarus 154th in 'Press Freedom Index 2010'
October 2015: 9 October 2015: Journalists in Belarus face fines and arrest as they attempt to provide an alternative to pro-Lukashenko state channels
Newspapers in Belarus: Newspapers in Belarus
Broadcasting in Belarus: Radio in Belarus - TV in Belarus - Sports broadcasting contracts in Belarus
Internet in Belarus: Internet in Belarus
Crime in Belarus: Crime in Belarus
Corruption in Belarus: Corruption in Belarus
Antisemitism in Belarus, German occupations since 1915 and 1941 and German crimes against humanity: Antisemitism in Belarus - Nazi war crimes in Belarus - Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, Nazi Germany's genocide committed during World War II on the territory of Belarus against Jews
February 2019 WWII mass grave: 22 February 2019: A mass grave containing bones from hundreds of bodies with gunshot wounds to their skulls, human remains belonging to men, women and children as well as clothes, shoes and other personal items, were discovered during construction atop what used to be the ghetto of Brest in present-day Belarus, as Nazi Germany forces killed three million civilians in Belarus, of whom 800,000 were Jewish
Capital punishment in Belarus: Capital punishment in Belarus
Human trafficking in Belarus: Human trafficking in Belarus
Law and legal history of Belarus: Belarusian law - Legal history of Belarus - Constitution of 3 May 1791 - 20th century Constitutions of Belarus - Amendments of the Constitution of Belarus and 1996 and 2004 Belarusian referendums
Courts and Supreme Court of Belarus: Court System of Belarus - Supreme Court of Belarus
2017: 27 August 2017: Belarus court clears way for luxury apartments to be built on top of Jewish cemeteries
Law enforcement in Belarus: Law enforcement in Belarus
Foreign relations of Belarus: Foreign relations of Belarus
Treaties of Belarus: Treaties of Belarus
Belarusian membership in international organisations: Belarusian membership in international organisations
Since January 1992 Belarus member of the 'Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE': Since January 1992 Belarus participating state of the 'Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE', is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization, as its mandate includes issues such as arms control, promotion of human rights, freedom of the press, and fair elections
Since 1945 Belarus member of the United Nations: Byelorussian SSR was one of two Soviet republics to be separate members of the UN, the other being the Ukrainian SSR, as both republics and the Soviet Union joined the UN when the organization was founded in 1945
July 2012 UN's human rights inquiry in Belarus: 6. Juli 2012: UN-Menschenrechtsrat ernennt Sonderberichterstatter zur Prüfung der Menschenrechtslage in Weissrussland
5 July 2021 UN expert has likened Belarus to 'totalitarian states': 5 July 2021: UN expert Anais Marin has likened Belarus to 'totalitarian states', warning that Minsk’s recent grounding of a passenger plane and subsequent arrest of an opposition journalist on board was part of an ongoing effort by officials to “purge” the country of all dissent
Bilateral relations of Belarus: Bilateral relations of Belarus
Belarus/Austria relations: Belarus/Austria relations
4 August 2021 Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya in Vienna: 4 August 2021: Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya granted a humanitarian visa by Poland following after refusing Belarusin regime's orders to travel home early from Tokyo, now arrived in Vienna to seek refuge in Europe, claiming she fears for her safety in her native Belarus
Belarus/Czech Republic relations: Belarus/Czech Republic relations
Belarus/Denmark relations: Belarus/Denmark relations
Belarus–Denmark economic and trade relations: Belarus–Denmark economic and trade relations
Belarus/European Union relations: Belarus/European Union relations
11 August 2012 EU backs Sweden in Belarus row: 11 August 2012: EU backs Sweden in Belarus row
October 2013 EU helping prop up Belarus president Lukashenko, says opposition calling for broader sanctions: 17 October 2013: EU helping prop up Belarus president Lukashenko, says opposition, calling for broader sanctions from Brussels
17 August 2020 EU calls leaders to emergency summit to support Belarus people: 17 August 2020: European council's Charles Michel has invited EU’s 27 heads of state and government to an extraordinary meeting by video conference on Wednesday, tweeting 'the people of Belarus have the right to decide on their future and freely elect their leader', and 'violence against protesters is unacceptable and cannot be allowed', reflecting the rapid pace of events in cities across Belarus, after the embattled autocrat Lukashenko urged Russian regime's Putin to save his regime over the weekend
19 August 2020 EU emergency talks to discuss the political crisis in Belarus: 19 August 2020: EU leaders are to hold emergency talks to discuss the political crisis in Belarus, as in the run-up to the meeting the Belarusian opposition leader Svetlana Tikhanovskaya urged the EU not to recognise Lukashenko as president
22 October 2020 Sakharov Prize awarded to the democratic opposition in Belarus by EU parliament: 22 octobre 2020: Le Parlement européen décerne le prix Sakharov des droits humains ce jeudi à l’opposition démocratique au Bélarus qui conteste la réélection controversée du président Loukachenko
Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, by support of the 2020 Belarusian protests by the Polish government and the fleeing to Poland of the main opposition challenger Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, by sanctions against Belarus following the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978 and the persecution and threatening of opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, by tensions and violence in the aftermath of the Iraq War since 2003 with the destabilisation of Iraq and the Middle East
15 November 2021 EU has agreed on new sanctions against Belarus: 15 November 2021: EU has agreed on new sanctions against Belarus targeting 'everyone involved' in facilitating the transport of people to Belarus’s border with Poland, where thousands are stuck in makeshift camps in freezing weather, accusing Lukashenko’s regime of waging a 'hybrid attack' against the bloc by allowing people from the Middle East who are desperate to reach the EU to fly into Minsk then head for the Polish border, as EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the decision by 27 EU foreign ministers reflected 'the determination by the European Union to stand up to the instrumentalisation of migrants for political purposes'
Belarus/France relations: Belarus/France relations
18 October 2021 French ambassador ordered out of Belarus in diplomatic spat: 18 October 2021: French ambassador ordered out of Belarus in diplomatic spat, as envoy Nicolas de Lacoste’s exit linked to Paris’ refusal to recognise Alexander Lukashenko’s 2020 re-election
Belarus/Germany relations: Belarus/Germany relations - Belarus in World War II - Military history of Belarus during World War II - Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany - Nazi war crimes in Belarus - The Holocaust in Belarus - Minsk Ghetto - Maly Trostenets extermination camp
Belarusian resistance during World War II: Belarusian resistance during World War II
2012 German support against opposition in Belarus: 24. August 2012: Von 2008-2011 Schulung von Polizei und Miliz des Innenministeriums Weißrußlands in Deutschland für Einsätze gegen Demonstranten, sog. 'Rädelsführer' etc., auf Veranlassung der Regierung Merkel
February 2019 WWII mass grave: 22 February 2019: A mass grave containing bones from hundreds of bodies with gunshot wounds to their skulls, human remains belonging to men, women and children as well as clothes, shoes and other personal items, were discovered during construction atop what used to be the ghetto of Brest in present-day Belarus, as Nazi Germany forces killed three million civilians in Belarus, of whom 800,000 were Jewish
Belarus/Israel relations: Belarus/Israel relations since 1992
Jewish communities in Belarus: Jewish communities in Belarus, as Jews have been living in Belarus for more than six centuries and are an integral part of the ethnic structure of the Belarusian society, as today Belarus after German empire's Second World War, when about 850,000 Jews were killed, about 130,000 immigrants from Belarus live in Israel, as the number of Jews living in Belarus is considered to be around 30-50,000, but the number of Belarusians with Jewish descent is assumed to be higher
Belarus-Israel economic, cultural and trade relations: Belarus-Israel economic, cultural and trade relations
Belarus/Lithuania relations: Belarus/Lithuania relations
3 July 2021 Lithuania declared a state of emergency due to an influx of migrants over the last few days from Belarus: 3 July 2021: Lithuania has declared a state of emergency due to an influx of migrants over the last few days from Belarus, AP reports
10 August 2021 Lithuania to build fence on Belarus border to stop migrants: 10 August 2021: Lithuania to build fence on Belarus border to stop migrants
Belarus/Netherlands relations: Belarus/Netherlands relations since 1994
Since 2006 Dutch reaction to Belarusian presidential elections and lack of political freedom: 2006 Dutch reaction to 2006 Belarusian presidential election, as Dutch FM convinced the EU that a planned Interpol summit planned to take place in Minsk be boycotted, as groups in the Netherlands protest what they call the lack of political and religious freedom in Belarus
Belarus/Poland relations: Belarus/Poland relations
Polish minority in Belarus: The Polish minority in Belarus numbers officially about 300,000 in 2009, forming the second largest ethnic minority in the country after the Russians, at around 3% of the total population
Belarusian minority in Poland: The Belarusian minority in Poland is composed of 47,000 people in 2011, most of them living in the Podlaskie Voivodeship
Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, by support of the 2020 Belarusian protests by the Polish government and the fleeing to Poland of the main opposition challenger Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, by sanctions against Belarus following the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978 and the persecution and threatening of opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, by tensions and violence in the aftermath of the Iraq War since 2003 with the destabilisation of Iraq and the Middle East
20 September 2021 Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration: 20 September 2021: Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration at its land border, a day after four migrants were found dead at its Belarusian frontier, as thousands have been trying to cross from Belarus into EU members Latvia, Lithuania and Poland in recent weeks, and as EU suspects the influx of people mostly from the Middle East is being orchestrated by Belarusian autocratic Lukashenko in retaliation for sanctions on his regime
8 November 2021 Belarus escorts 1,000 migrants towards Polish border: 8 November 2021: Belarus escorts 1,000 migrants towards Polish border, as column of up to 500 people including children led by border guards in escalation of deadly crisis
9 November 2021 refugees submitted to blackmail by Belarus: 9 novembre 2021: 83 ans après la 'nuit de Cristal', le pogrom contre les Juifs du Troisième Reich qui se déroula dans la nuit du 9 au 10 novembre 1938, le chantage aux migrants par la Biélorussie, selon France24 - 9 November 2021: Poland PM blames Russia's Putin for Belarus migrant crisis, as Mateusz Morawiecki said that Belarus's autocrat, a close ally of Putin, is orchestrating the crisis, but 'it has its mastermind in Moscow'
11 November 2021 locals are trying to offer humanitarian aid: 11 November 2021: As Poland repels migrants, taking a hard line on those trying to enter the EU from Belarus, Polish residents are handing out food and water to migrants and locals offer humanitarian aid
14 November 2021 Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border: 14 November 2021: Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border with Belarus and entered Poland near the village of Starzyna, as thousands of refugees and migrants including Syrians have travelled to Belarus in the hope of crossing into the EU, only to find themselves trapped on the border in freezing conditions, France24 Gulliver Cragg reports from the border
16 November 2021 migrants tear-gassed trying to cross from Belarus: 16 November 2021: Trying to cross into the country from Belarus, Polish forces have used tear gas and water cannon against refugees and migrants, as videos showed migrants throwing stones and other objects at the Polish forces guarding a fortified border crossing, as for weeks, thousands of migrants, mostly from the Middle East, have been gathering at the Belarus border in an attempt to reach the EU and as Belarus has been accused of pushing migrants to the border to try to destabilise the EU, the BBC reports - 16 November 2021: Clashes erupted between stranded refugees and Polish border guards at the Polish-Belarusian border early on Tuesday, as refugees at the Kuznica border crossing trying to cross into Poland reportedly threw stones at Polish guards, who responded by using water cannon and tear gas, according to Poland’s Ministry of National Defence, 'Al Jazeera' reports
17 November 2021 escalating Belarus/EU crisis concerning migrants from Syria, Iraq and Lebanon: 17 novembre 2021: Bloqués aux portes de l'Europe, des milliers de migrants massés à la frontière polonaise, et France24 se consacre à la crise migratoire dans le nord de l'Europe pour tenter de comprendre la situation qui voit des milliers de migrants, principalement de Syrie, der l'Irak et du Liban - 17 November 2021: In the escalating migrant crisis brewing on EU's eastern border thousands of people from the Middle East have travelled to Belarus in the hope of entering the EU, and are mow trapped on the border with Poland, desperately trying to survive in freezing conditions
18 November 2021 escalating migrant crisis on EU's eastern border: 18 novembre 2021: Les forces de sécurité polonaise ont arrêté une centaine de migrants dans la nuit de mercredi à jeudi alors qu'ils tentaient de franchir la frontière avec la Biélorussie
22 November 2021 Iraqi Kurdi woman told journalists in Polish hospital 'me and my son survived only by miracle': 22 November 2021: Women refugees say they have miscarried, been separated from their children by border guards, and been hospitalised, as Iraqi Kurdi woman Shirin told Al Jazeera from a hospital in a Polish border town 'me and my son survived only by miracle', as her body was covered in injuries and blisters from the cold, adding 'I will never forget what I have seen in the woods', 'I have seen so many children and babies there. Their mothers were screaming and praying for a miracle. The adults could barely survive, so what chance do babies have'
23 November 2021 migrants trying to enter Poland via Belarus report what is happening: 23 November 2021: Misled by traffickers, pushed back by Polish border guards or pushed past the barbed wire by Belarusian authorities, France24 reports, as three of its observers, migrants who tried to enter Poland via Belarus, reported what is really happening during this crisis
27 November 2021 migrants at Belarus border camp say they refuse to return home: 27 November 2021: Migrants at Belarus border camp say they refuse to return home, Belarusian regime's Lukashenko now told migrants that the country could help them return to their home countries
25 January 2022 Poland begins work on a new euro wall along the Belarus border: 25 January 2022: Polish contractors have begun work on a new 353 million euro wall along the Belarus border aimed at deterring refugee crossings following a crisis in the area last year, as 5.5-metre-high wall along 186km of the border has raised human rights concerns over how refugees will be able to seek asylum as well as environmental worries about the effect on wildlife along the mostly forested border
Belarus/Russia relations: Belarus/Russia relations
Pipelines, gas and engery disputes: Yamal–Europe pipeline - 2004 Russia–Belarus gas dispute - 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute
2009 Russian ban of Belarusian dairy products: 2009 Russian ban of Belarusian dairy products
2014 Russia and 'Eurasian Economic Union': Eurasian Economic Union will go into effect on 1 January 2015 if treaty is approved by each country - Eurasia - continental landmass of Europe and Asia - 29 May 2014: Ex-Soviet trade bloc treaty 'Eurasian Economic Union', uniting Russian, Kazakh, Belarusian economies into market, signed in Moscow
April 2015 Lukashenko refuses to attend 'Victory Day Parade in Mocow' with Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un: 19 April 2015: Belarus' Lukashenko refuses to attend Victory Day Parade in Mocow on May 9 as Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un are the most high-profile leaders to attend
October 2015 Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base: 7 October 2015: Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base, Lukashenko says following protests against his rule and reported Russian plans to beef up military presence
24 December 2019 Belarus' Lukashenko warns Putin against forceful merger: 24 décembre 2019: Le président bélarusse Loukachenko a mis en garde mardi les autorités russes contre une union sous la contrainte entre son pays et la Russie, qui discutent depuis des années d'une hypothétique fusion en un seul Etat
29 July 2020 dozens of militants detained near Minsk part of Russia's PMC Wagner: 29 July 2020: Belarus security forces overnight Wednesday apprehended just outside Minsk as many as 32 militants with Russia's Wagner private military company, whose fighters had been earlier spotted in various hotspots across the world, including Syria, Libya, and Donbas - 29 juillet 2020: Plusieurs dizaines de membres d’un groupe militaire privé russe, accusés d’être venus 'déstabiliser' le pays à l’approche de l’élection présidentielle du 9 août, ont été interpellés par les forces de l’ordre bélarusses
Belarus/Sweden relations: Belarus/Sweden relations - 3. August 2012: Weissrussland verweist den schwedischen Botschafter, der sich mit Oppositionspolitikern getroffen haben soll, des Landes - 8 October 2015: Svetlana Alexievich wins 2015 Nobel prize in literature
Belarus/Switzerland relations: Belarus/Switzerland relations
26 September 2020 Switzerland woman arrested in Minsk: 26 septembre 2020: Une femme suisse et biélorusse a été interpellée lors d’une manifestation contre le pouvoir en place à Minsk
Belarus/Syria relations: Belarus/Syria relations
2017 Belarus seen quietly helping Assad boost missile program: 15 September 2017: Belarus seen quietly helping Assad boost missile program, as analyst Ronen Solomon links Belarusian regime to Syrian Assad regime's military facility allegedly bombed by Israel this month
12 November 2021 tourist visas and flights from Syria, the route to Europe via Belarus: 12 November 2021: Tourist visas and flights from Syria, the route to Europe via Belarus, as travel agents in Middle East and migrants who have reached Poland describe how thousands are making the journey
13 November 2021 Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus: 13 November 2021: Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus, as Polish police say cause of death not determined after body discovered in woods near village of Wolka Terechowska
Belarus/Ukraine relations: Belarus/Ukraine relations - Belarus–Ukraine border
1991 Belavezha Accords: 1991 Belavezha Accords
August 2016: 26 August 2016: Independence of Ukraine and Belarus is only way to develop bilateral relations, Belarus FM during the opening ceremony of a residential complex of the Belarusian Embassy to Ukraine
8 September 2020 Belarus detains protest leader Kolesnikova after expulsion bid: 8 September 2020: Prominent opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova was detained by Belarusian authorities, after thwarting what a Ukrainian government minister described as an attempt to expel her from Belarus
22 March 2022: Belarusian fighters heading to Ukraine to fight against Russia: 22 March 2022: Among the foreign fighters heading to Ukraine to fight against Russia are dissidents from Belarus living in exile, seeing the war as a battle both against Vladimir Putin’s forces but also against the regime of the Belarusian autocrat Lukashenko backed by Putin's regime, as BBC met Pavel Kulazhanka, who left his life in New York to join the fight
Belarus/USA relations: Belarus/USA relations since 1991
Since 2006 USA introduced sanctions against Belarus individuals and companies: Following the 2006 Belarusian presidential election, USA introduced sanctions against Belarus individuals and companies for 'the actions and policies... to undermine Belarus' democratic processes or institutions'
August 2020 USA and democracy and opposition in Belarus: After the August 2020 presidential elections in Belarus, USA's secretary Pompeo voiced concerns about how the election was 'not free and fair', urging the Belarusian armed forces to respect their citizens right to peacefully assemble, refrain from using force, and release persons who were wrongfully detained
28 October 2020 USA's Biden vows to back Belarus opposition in removing Lukashenko: 28 October 2020: Biden vows to back Belarus opposition in removing Lukashenko, as democratic presidential hopeful accuses Donald Trump of failing to speak up for people of Belarus after disputed election
Environment of Belarus: Environment of Belarus
Protected areas of Belarus: Protected areas of Belarus - Forests of Belarus
Environmental issues in Belarus: Environmental concerns and current issues in Belarus
Since 1986 legacy of Chernobyl Disaster: Since 1986 legacy of pollution the Chernobyl Disaster
Water in Belarus: Water in Belarus


Belgium - Belgique - Geography of Belgium - History of Belgium - Demographics of Belgium
Economy of Belgium: Economy of Belgium - main industries include engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum
Companies of Belgium by industry: Companies of Belgium - Companies of Belgium by industry
Energy in Belgium: Energy in Belgium
2016: 3 January 2016: Belgian ageing nuclear reactor Doel 1 shut down on Saturday again, just three days after it was restarted
Agriculture in Belgium: Agriculture in Belgium - Agriculture in Flanders - the 5 most important agricultural products in 2013 are pork (1.46 billion euros), dairy products (844 million euros), beef (712 million euros), vegetables (602 million euros) and ornamental horticulture products (512 million euros)
Banking and Financial Services and Markets Authority of Belgium: Financial Services and Markets Authority - Banks in Belgium
2011/2012 Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank: 10 October 2011: Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank - 9 November 2012: France and Belgium agree to pump a further 5.5bn euros into bank Dexia, after it reported another large loss
Foreign trade of Belgium: Foreign trade of Belgium
Economic history of Belgium and economic cycles: Economic history of Belgium in the twentieth and twenty-first century - Industrial history of Belgium
2008–2009 Belgian financial and banking crisis: 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis, a major financial crisis that hit Belgium from mid-2008 onwards, as two of the country's largest banks – Fortis and Dexia – started to face severe problems, exacerbated by the financial problems hitting other banks around the world and the value of their stocks plunged, as the government managed the situation by bailouts, selling off or nationalizing banks, providing bank guarantees and extending the deposit insurance, ventually Fortis was split into two parts, sd the Dutch part was nationalized, while the Belgian part was sold to the French bank BNP Paribas, and as Dexia group was dismantled and Dexia Bank Belgium was nationalized - Fortis, Dexia and KBC bank crises and government reaction
Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic: Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic and crises since March, as the pandemic caused the largest global recession in history, with more than a third of the global population at the time being placed on lockdown
Labour and labour disputes in Belgium: Labour in Belgium - Labour disputes in Belgium - Belgian labour law - Labour Court in Belgium, dealing in first instance with disputes between employers and employees and disputes regarding social security - Court of labour in Belgium, the appellate court in the judicial system of Belgium which hears appeals against judgements of the labour tribunals
15 December 2014 Belgium hit by general strike amid transport chaos: 15 December 2014: Belgium hit by general strike, as strikes across Belgium cause transport chaos, but unsuccessful opposition to the austerity of the Charles Michel government in the context of the Great Recession and European debt crisis
Politics of Belgium: Politics of Belgium
Since 1831 Constitution of Belgium: Constitution of Belgium, dating back to 1831
Regions, provinces and communities of Belgium: Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium - Provinces of Belgium - Belgium includes three regions, two of these regions, the Flemish Region or Flanders, and Walloon Region, or Wallonia, are each subdivided into five provinces, the third region, the Brussels-Capital Region, is not divided into provinces - Bilingualism in Belgium - Language legislation in Belgium
Political parties in Belgium: Political parties in Belgium
Trade unions in Belgium: Trade unions in Belgium
Since 1831/1970 council of Ministers supreme executive organ: Council of Ministers, the supreme executive organ of the Federal Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, composed of the PM, who leads it, and up to fourteen senior ministers, as the Council of Ministers formally became a permanent policy structure with the constitutional revision of 1970
Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium: Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium, the head of the federal government of Belgium
Since 1944/1948 Benelux Union: Since September 1944 and in effect since January 1948 Benelux Union, a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe including Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, as main institutions of the Union are the Committee of Ministers, the Council of the Union, the General Secretariat, the Interparliamentary Consultative Council and the Benelux Court of Justice
Elections and politics in Belgium: Elections in Belgium
June 2010 Belgian general election: Belgian general election 13 June 2010 - 2010–2011 Belgian government formation
2010-2013: 8. Juli 2011: Belgiens designierter Premier Elio Di Rupo gibt im Juli 2011 auf - 8 October: Belgian parties strike key reform deal to end political crisis - 21 novembre: Le socialiste Elio di Rupo, Premier ministre pressenti, a presenté sa démission - 27 November: Belgian leaders agree on federal budget - 13 juillet 2012: Le Parlement belge a adopté à 106 voix contre 42 le projet de loi 'scindant' l'arrondissement de Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvorde
October 2012 Belgian provincial and municipal elections: Belgian provincial and municipal elections, 14 October 2012 - 14/15 October: Local elections have resulted in widespread gains for the Flemish Nationalist Party, which wants to divide the country - 15 octobre: Le chef des indépendantistes flamands, vainqueur des municipales à Anvers en Belgique, a lancé un appel au Premier ministre Elio Di Rupo pour qu'il négocie avec lui une réforme de l'État ouvrant la voie à une confédération
February 2014 bill: 13 February: Parliament in Belgium has passed a bill allowing euthanasia for terminally ill children without any age limit, by 86 votes to 44
May 2014 Belgium Federal and regional elections: Belgian federal election 25 May 2014 - Belgian regional elections 25 May 2014 - 26 May 2014: First estimates give 33% of the vote in Flanders to the New Flemish Alliance
May 2014 Belgium European Parliament election: Belgium European Parliament election 25 May 2014
May-October 2014 Belgian government formation: 2014 Belgian government formation - 8 October: The Francophone liberal Charles Michel will become Belgium’s PM
December 2018 PM Michel resigns: 19 December 2018: Belgian PM Michel resigns after he lost support of key coalition partner, the nationalist New Flemish Alliance, when backing UN bid to improve coordination on migrants, and after the parliament rejected Michel's appeal for its support for a minority administration, now bracing for a snap election in January
May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium
May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
October 2019 Sophie Wilmès new PM, the first Jewish person to become PM: 28 October 2019: Sophie Wilmès was appointed as the new PM of Belgium, becoming the first female premier in the country's history - 28 October 2019: Centrist politician Sophie Wilmes, who will head a caretaker government during negotiations on the formation of a coalition, which in Belgium has been known to take months, is the first Jewish person to become PM of Belgium
September/October 2020 new government with Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo as Belgium’s PM: 30 September 2020: Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo to be appointed Belgium’s PM, leading a governing coalition of 7 parties, including French- and Dutch-speaking liberals, socialists and greens, as well as Dutch-speaking Christian democrats, and because of these four political traditions (seasons) involved dubbed 'Vivaldi' - 1 October 2020: New government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister while women were appointed as interior and defence ministers for the first time too
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions
20 July 2021 Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning amid solidarity with the victims of European flood: 20 July 2021: Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning for the victims of last week’s unprecedented flood, devastating the region of Liège, as according to a provisional report the floods caused by torrential rain claimed the lives of 31 people, with around 70 still missing, as the majority of damage seems to be linked to an overflowing dam in the Valley of Vesdre, on a tributary of the river Muse, as today across Belgium, people are coming together, contacting their local authorities, and offering donations in solidarity with the victims of the flood
1 December 2023 Belgian court orders 55% emissions cut from 1990 levels: 1 December 2023: In a powerful victory for climate campaigners, the Brussels court of appeal ordered Belgium to cut its planet-heating pollution by at least 55% from 1990 levels by 2030. The court rejected arguments that Belgium’s impact on the climate crisis was limited by its small size and found its climate governance to date had violated human rights.
Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election: Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election
Social movements, trade unions and protests in Belgium: Protests in Belgium
10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000 in German-occupied Belgium and following resistance: 10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000, an 8-day strike in German-occupied Belgium, led by Belgian Communist Party's Julien Lahaut, as the object of the strike was to demand a wage increase though it was also an act of passive resistance to the German occupation, and achieved limited support from the middle and upper classes who had traditionally opposed labour militancy, and as further important strikes did take place in Belgium in November 1942 and February 1943, and in the Nord and Pas de Calais mining basins in Northern France which formed part of the same German administrative area as Belgium, judged by the French newspaper Le Monde in 2001 to have been one of the most spectacular acts of the French resistance
2011 protest against austerity policy: 2. Dezember 2011: In Brüssel gewerkschaftliche Großdemonstration von Zehntausenden gegen Sparpolitik
2012-2014 steel workers protest and strike: 30 January 2012: Strike set to bring Belgium to a halt - 30 January: Some 2.000 steel workers protested plans to lay off 1.300 workers at several ArcelorMittal plants in Liege, wanting the regional government to intervene - 8 March 2013: Hundreds of Belgian steel workers have blocked a border crossing near the Belgian city of Liege to protest against planned job cuts by ArcelorMittal - 15 December 2014: Air, train links cut as national strike begins against the new government's austerity policies
2016 remembrance of and tribute to the victims of terrorism: 17 avril 2016: Des milliers de personnes ont rendu hommage, dimanche à Bruxelles, aux 32 morts des attentats du 22 mars
December 2017: 7 December 2017: Nearly 50,000 people marched through the European quarter of Brussels on Thursday night in support of Catalan independence and the region’s ousted president Carles Puigdemont, who has avoided arrest in Spain by taking refuge in Belgium
2018 solidarity with migrants: 26 février 2018: Quelque 10'000 personnes ont manifesté dimanche à Bruxelles dans le froid pour témoigner leur solidarité avec les migrants et exiger du gouvernement belge une politique migratoire 'plus humaine'
7 June 2020 protesters reject racism: 7 June 2020: UK protesters topple statue of slave trader Colston as George Floyd rallies sweep Europe and thousands take to streets in support of 'Black Lives Matter' movement, condemn racism and police violence, and as in Brussels, protesters clambered onto the statue of former King Leopold II and chanted 'reparations', also writing the word 'shame' on the monument, reference perhaps to the fact that Leopold is said to have reigned over the mass death of 10 million Congolese, as racism must be rejected 'all around the world', according to protesters
Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Belgium: Belgian society
Human rights in Belgium: Human rights in Belgium
Minority and employees' rights in Belgium: Minority and employees' rights in Belgium
Province, municipalities, cities and ports of Belgium: Provinces of Belgium - Municipalities of Belgium, as the country comprises 581 municipalities grouped into five provinces in each of two regions and into a third region, the Brussels Capital Region, comprising 19 municipalities that do not belong to a province, as in most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium - Ports and harbours of Belgium
Antwerp Province: Antwerp Province, the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, bordering on the North Brabant province of the Netherlands, the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders, with its capital city Antwerp including the Port of Antwerp
Antwerp city: Antwerp city, the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region, with a population of 520,504 citizens the most populous city proper in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of around 1,200,000 people the second-largest metropolitan region after Brussels
Demographics of Antwerp: Demographics of Antwerp
History of the Jews in Antwerp: History of the Jews in Antwerp, goeing back at least eight hundred years, as currently, the Jewish community of Antwerp consists of around 18,000 citizens
Economy and port of Antwerp: Economy and port of Antwerp
Port of Antwerp: Port of Antwerp located in Flanders, mainly in the province of Antwerp, a seaport in the heart of Europe accessible to capesize ships and Europe’s second-largest seaport after Rotterdam, as Antwerp stands at the upper end of the tidal estuary of the Scheldt
Timeline of Antwerp: Timeline of Antwerp since abt. 150 – abt. 250-270 Gallo-Roman settlement in the centre of Antwerpen
Since 1852 University of Antwerp: Since 1852 University of Antwerp
September-October 1914 German empire's Siege of Antwerp: September-October 1914 Siege of Antwerp after the German empire's invasion of Belgium in August 1914 - Since 28 September German bombardment, with German siege guns directed by observation balloons on gun emplacements, flanking positions and magazines
1941-1944/45 German occupation of Belgium: May 1940 Battle of Belgium or Belgian Campaign, an offensive campaign by Germany during the World War II and ending with the German occupation of Belgium - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France
2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp: In 2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp to become the first explicitly pluralistic university in Belgium, offering philosophical, ethical, and spiritual discourse and openness towards religion and intercultural dialogue, as it soon became the third largest university in Flanders
Mechelen city: Mechelen city in the province of Antwerp, as the municipality comprises the city of Mechelen proper, some quarters at its outskirts, the hamlets of Nekkerspoel and Battel, as well as the villages of Walem, Heffen, Leest, Hombeek, and Muizen, as the river Dyle flows through the city, and as Mechelen lies on the major urban and industrial axis Brussels–Antwerp
History and timeline of Mechelen: History and timeline of Mechelen since the early ages
Early ages, Mechelen area, 8.4-metre long canoe and wooden houses: Archaeological proof of habitation during the La Tène era in the triangle Brussels-Leuven-Antwerp, mainly concentrated around Mechelen which originated in wetlands, includes an 8.4-metre long canoe cut from an oak tree trunk and a settlement of about five wooden houses, at Nekkerspoel
15th-19th century: In the 15th century Mechelen came under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, marking the beginning of a prosperous period, as since 1473 the city served as the seat of the Superior Court until the French Revolution
1835 Mechelen-Brussels railway, as Brussel first capital in the world having a railway connection: In May 1835 a railway between Allée Verte in Brussels, the site of the very first station, and Mechelen was inaugurated, as Brussels became the first capital in the world to have a railway connection
Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp during the Holocaust: Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp, officially 'SS-Sammellager Mecheln' in German, a detention and deportation camp established in a former army barracks at Mechelen in German-occupied Belgium, serving as a point to gather Belgian Jews and Romani ahead of their deportation to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust
Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp: Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp of World War II, from which, in German-occupied Belgium, arrested Jews and Romani were sent to concentration camp
Heritage sites and places of interest in Mechelen: Places of interest and heritage sites in Mechelen since Middle Ages
Flemish Brabant province: Flemish Brabant, a province of Flanders and one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering - clockwise from the North - on the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders, as Flemish Brabant also surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region and as its capital is Leuven
Municipalities of Flemish Brabant: Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Leuven city: Leuven city, the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium, located about 25 kilometres east of Brussels, as the municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, a part of Korbeek-Lo, Wilsele and Wijgmaal, and as Leuven is the eighth largest city in Belgium with more than 100,244 inhabitants - History of Leuven - Education in Leuven
Economy and companies based in Leuven: Economy and companies based in Leuven
Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830: Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830
Timeline of Leuven: Timeline and history of Leuven since the 9th century
September 891 Battle of Leuven fought between East Francia and the Vikings: September 891 Battle of Leuven, fought between East Francia and the Vikings, as the existence of this battle is known due to several different chronicles, including the Annales Fuldenses and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant: 1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant, a State of the Holy Roman Empire, as it developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries, part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was partitioned after the Dutch revolt
1425-1797 Old University of Leuven: 1425-1797 Old University of Leuven - List of colleges of Leuven University
Since 1474 printing press in operation: Since 1474 printing press in operation, as Johann von Westphalen was the first printer in Leuven and possibly in Flanders, first active in Venice and in Germany before moving to Flanders as a printer
June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven and Spanish victory: June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven in the 'Thirty Years' War', in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Walloons, Germans and Irish of the Army of Flanders, as poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of a relief army of 11,000 Spanish and Italian troops forced the invading army to lift the siege, allowing the Spanish forces to take the initiative
Since 1817-1835 State University of Leuven: Since 1817 State University of Leuven in Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it was distinct from the Old University of Leuven (1425-1797) and from the Catholic University of Leuven
August 1831 Battle of Leuven: August 1831 Battle of Leuven, a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution
1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven: 1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven, founded in 1834 in Mechelen as the Catholic University of Belgium, and moved its seat to the town of Leuven in 1835, changing its name to Catholic University of Leuven, as in 1968 it was split into two universities, the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain, following tensions between the Dutch and French-speaking student bodies
25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army and war crimes: 25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army,that ravaged the city of Leuven, deliberately burning the university library, destroying approximately 230,000 books, 950 manuscripts, and 800 incunabula, as civilian homes were set on fire and citizens often shot where they stood, with over 2,000 buildings destroyed and 10,000 inhabitants displaced, as large quantities of strategic materials, foodstuffs and modern industrial equipment were looted and transferred to Germany during 1914, and as these actions brought worldwide condemnation, because the German war criminals were responsible for the deaths of 23,700 Belgian civilians, (6,000 Belgians killed, 17,700 died during expulsion, deportation, in prison or sentenced to death by court) and caused further non-fatalities of 10,400 permanent and 22,700 temporary invalids, with 18,296 children becoming war orphans, as military losses were 26,338 killed, died from injuries or accidents, 14,029 died from disease, or went missing
In May 1940 in World War II the German occupiers again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library: In May 1940, in the first year of World War II, the German war criminals again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library, following their destruction on 25 August 1914, using petrol and incendiary pastilles, as 230,000 volumes were lost in the destruction, including Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts, and as in January 2014 a permanent exhibit on these wartime events was installed over five floors of the bell tower
>1945 new hospital built after German empire's Second world war 1939-1945: 1945 new hospital built after Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven academic hospital in Leuven since 1080 partially destroyed during German empire's Second world war 1939-1945
1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines: 1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines after a period of civil unrest in 1967–68 in French and Flemish Leuven, as the crisis shook Belgian politics and led to the fall of the government and marking an escalation of the linguistic tension in Belgium after World War II, with lasting consequences for other bilingual institutions in Belgium within higher education and politics alike, as in 1970 the first of several state reforms occurred, marking the start of Belgium's transition to a federal state
Boortmeerbeek town: Boortmeerbeek town in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant, as the municipality comprises the towns of Boortmeerbeek proper, Schiplaken and Hever
Since May 1940 German assault, persecution of Jews and Belgian Resistance: 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers' pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs - 20 mai 1940 les chars du général nazi Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 1940-1945 Belgian Resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as within Belgium, resistance included both men and women from both Walloon and Flemish parts of the country, and as aside from sabotage of military infrastructure in the country and assassinations of collaborators, these groups also published large numbers of underground newspapers, gathered intelligence and maintained various escape networks that helped Allied airmen trapped behind enemy lines escape from German-occupied Europe
Since May 1940 persecution of Belgian Jews, concentration and extermination in camps in Eastern Europe: In 1940 between 70,000 and 75,000 Jews were living in Belgium, as soon after the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940, the German occupation authorities introduced a number of anti-Jewish laws, as in 1942, the yellow badge was introduced for all Belgian Jews, as in August 1942, as part of the Final Solution, the deportation of Belgian Jews to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe in sealed railway convoys began, as of these, 46% were deported from the former Mechelen transit camp, while 5,034 more people were deported via the Drancy internment camp (close to Paris), as the 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' in Berlin was responsible for organizing the transport and the chief of the Dossin Barracks prepared the paper convoy list in triplicate, according to Leni Yahil 'The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945', Oxford University Press 1991
In April 1943 during the Warwaw ghetto uprising Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed dozens of Jews: 19 April 1943 attack on 'the twentieth convoy' as members of the Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed a number of Jews who were being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp from Mechelen transit camp, as in the aftermath of the attack, a number of others were able to jump from the train too, as in all 233 people managed to escape, of whom 118 ultimately survived, as the remainder were either killed during the escape or were recaptured soon afterwards, and as the attack was unusual as an attempt by the resistance to free Jewish deportees and marks the only mass breakout by deportees on a Holocaust train
Since June 1944 resistance against Nazi Germany during the liberation of Belgium: After the Normandy Landings in June 1944, the Belgian resistance increased in size dramatically, after in April 1944, the Armée Secrète began to give their organization the status of an 'official army', as though they usually lacked the equipment and training to fight the Wehrmacht openly, the resistance played a key role in assisting the Allies during the liberation of Belgium in September 1944, providing information on German troop movements, disrupting German evacuation plans and participating in fighting
Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in Brussels: Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, museum tracing the history of the Belgian resistance and German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as it is served by Clemenceau metro station on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro - Espace pédagogique du Musée de la Résistance de Belgique - Histoire et Mémoire de la Resistance à Anderlecht au musée, possèdant également des panneaux thématiques sur l’histoire de la 1ère et 2ème guerre mondiale, expliquant 'notre but moral et civique est de poursuivre et de transmettre les idéaux et l’esprit incarnés par la Résistance afin de pouvoir avertir et préparer les jeunes générations aux dangers présents de tous les extrémismes quels qu’ils soient'
Brussels region: Brussels region of Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, located in the central portion of the country and a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community
Brussels city: City of Brussels, the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region and capital of Belgium, also covering the immediate northern outskirts where it borders municipalities in Flanders, and also the administrative centre of the EU - History of Brussels - Education in Brussels
Economy of Brussels: Economy of Brussels - Companies based in Brussels
Transport in Brussels: Transport in Brussels
Science and technology in Brussels: Science and technology in Brussels
Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region: Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region - Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region - Government of Brussels - List of mayors of the City of Brussels since 1380
Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages: Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages
Since 1475/1476 printing press in operation in Brussels: Since 1475–76 printing press in operation in Brussels amid the global spread of the printing press
August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France: August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France (Sun King), and the resulting fire were together the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels, as Brussels was mostly untouched by most other conflicts, and even the damage during World War I and bombing during World War II was not nearly as extensive - 1688–1697 'Nine Years' War', a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg Monarchy), the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy and Portugal, and fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, in North America, and in India, therefore sometimes considered the first global war
January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels: January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels, when a French army in a bold and 'innovative' winter campaign besieged and captured the city of Brussels, which was then the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, from its Austrian garrison, as the French followed up the capture of Brussels by taking other key cities and fortresses in the Austrian Netherlands including Mons and Namur
1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands': 1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands'
1834–1969 Free University of Brussels: 1834–1969 Free University of Brussels
September 1848 'International Congress of the Friends of Peace' in Brussels after the February French Revolution, spreading in Europe: September 1848 International Peace Congress (International Congress of the Friends of Peace) in Brussels, the first after the French Revolution of February 1848, chaired by Belgian lawyer Auguste Visschers, as the delegates - also including Cobden, Thierry, Girardin, Bastiat and more - of the congress adopted resolutions urging limitation of armaments and the placing of a ban upon foreign loans for war purposes - 1843-1853 seven peace congresses convened in various European cities including London, Frankfurt/M, Manchester, Edingburgh, until series was terminated by an interval of wars during which the pacifists were unable to raise their voices, before more International Peace Congresses started amid rising tensions and industrial manufacture of terrible weapons on the road to German and other Central Powers World War I and II
Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station: Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station
1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference: 1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference, as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society submitted a report to this conference and the Brussels Conference led to the negotiation of the first general treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the General Act for the Repression of the African Slave Trade of 1890, which came into force in 1892 although 'it contained no mechanism for enforcement, and it did not cover the various devices, including forced and contract labor, by which the European powers exploited Africans
August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels: August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels
1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes: 1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes
1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority in Brussels: 1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority established during the Second World War, the 'Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France' led by German field marshal - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France
December 1944 - 1945 Nazi Germany's District of Brussels: December 1944 - May 1945 District of Brussels, a short-lived de jure administrative polity created by Nazi Germany in 1944
Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in Brussels: Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, museum tracing the history of the Belgian resistance and German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as it is served by Clemenceau metro station on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro - Espace pédagogique du Musée de la Résistance de Belgique - Histoire et Mémoire de la Resistance à Anderlecht au musée, possèdant également des panneaux thématiques sur l’histoire de la 1ère et 2ème guerre mondiale, expliquant 'notre but moral et civique est de poursuivre et de transmettre les idéaux et l’esprit incarnés par la Résistance afin de pouvoir avertir et préparer les jeunes générations aux dangers présents de tous les extrémismes quels qu’ils soient'
March 1948 Treaty of Brussels: March 1948 Treaty of Brussels signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom, serving as the founding treaty of the Western European Union WEU until its termination in 2010
Since 1970s EU's Berlaymont office building in Brussels: Since 1970s Berlaymont office building in Brussels, which houses the headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union EU - Brussels and the European Union
Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region: Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region in Brussels
20 July 2021 alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels: 20 July 2021: Alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels, as Belgian government comes under pressure to offer residence permits to hundreds of migrants on hunger strike, as also two UN officials urged the government to offer temporary residence permits, and as the political row ignited during country's day of national mourning for victims of last week’s devastating and deadly European floods that PM said were 'without any precedent in our country' - Open brief van mensen zonder papieren voor hun buren
25 February 2023 thousands gathered in Brussels to protest Russian invasion of Ukraine: 25 February 2023: One year and one day after Russia's Putin regime launched its war in Ukraine, thousands took to the streets of Brussels to protest the invasion and show solidarity with the Ukrainian people in an action organised by Promote Ukraine, the Association of Ukrainian Women in Belgium and the Belgian committee of the European Solidarity Network with Ukraine
20 May 2023 fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries: 20 May 2023: Fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries, as leading art museums are reassessing their works after a Belgian journalist traced how a fascist sympathiser acquired a Jewish dealer’s collection
Walloon Brabant: Walloon Brabant province of Wallonia and Belgium, bordering on (clockwise from the North) the province of Flemish Brabant and the provinces of Liège, Namur and Hainaut, as its capital and largest city is Wavre, and with a provincial population of 403,599 citizens in 2019
Economy of Walloon Brabant province: Economy of Walloon Brabant, as the GDP of the province was 19.3bn € in 2018, accounting for 4.2% of Belgiums economic output, as Walloon Brabant is the wealthiest province in Wallonia, and as the University of Louvain is located in Walloon Brabant - Companies based in Walloon Brabant
Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province: Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province
Wavre city: Wavre city and municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant, of which it is the capital
18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre blocking action: 18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre, the final major military action of the 'Hundred Days' campaign and the Napoleonic Wars, fought between the Prussian rearguard and the French army under the command of Marshal Grouchy, as the battle's blocking action kept 33,000 French soldiers from reaching the Battle of Waterloo and so helped in the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo - June 1815 Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo - Battles involving France
Waterloo town: Waterloo town, a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 citizens, located in a short distance south of Brussels and immediately north-east of the larger town of Braine-l'Alleud, the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where the resurgent Napoleon was defeated for the final time in 1815
Demographics of Waterloo: Demographics of Waterloo, as nearly one-fifth of the current registered population (5,640 inhabitants) is non-Belgian, as many such residents work for institutions or companies in Brussels, a centre of the EU, and as the most common non-Belgian nationalities include French (1,237 people), Italian (537), British (503), USA (445) and Swedish (425) people
Economy, education and culture in Waterloo: Economy and education in Waterloo
Since 1804/1813 Ludwig van Beethoven's third symphony and 'Wellington's Victory or the Battle of Vitoria': 'Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria', is a 15-minute-long orchestral work composed by Ludwig van Beethoven to commemorate the Duke of Wellington's victory over Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria in Spain on 21 June 1813 - Since 1805/1806 Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 Op. 55, as Beethoven originally dedicated the third symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte, who he believed embodied the democratic and anti-monarchical ideals of the French Revolution, but in the autumn of 1804, Beethoven withdrew his dedication of his composition to Napoleon, and after Napoleon having proclaimed himself Emperor of the French on 14 May 1804, Beethoven's secretary Ferdinand Ries noted the composer's words 'So he is no more than a common mortal! Now, too, he will tread under foot all the rights of Man, indulge only his ambition; now he will think himself superior to all men, become a tyrant!'
History and since 1102 timeline of Waterloo: History of Waterloo, mentioned for the first time in 1102 designating a small hamlet at the limit of what is today known as the Sonian Forest, along a major road linking Brussels, Genappe and a coal mine to the south
18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo, fought on Sunday near Waterloo as a French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition, a British-led coalition consisting of units from the UK, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Blücher, marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars, of Napoleon's rule as Emperor and the 'First French Empire'
East Flanders province: East Flanders province, bordering the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders, divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 citizens as of January 2019, with its capital city Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent
Ghent city: Ghent city, a municipality in the Flemish Region and the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, also the third largest in the country, exceeded in size only by Brussels and Antwerp, and a port and university city
West Flanders: West Flanders province, the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, and the only coastal Belgian province, facing the North Sea to the northwest, as it has land borders with the Dutch province of Zeeland to the northeast, the Flemish province of East Flanders to the east, the Walloon province of Hainaut in the southeast and the French department of Nord to the west, and with its capital city Bruges
Liège Province: Liège Province
History of Liège Province: History of Liège Province, as modern borders of the province of Liège date from 1795, which saw the unification of the Principality of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège with the revolutionary French Department of the Ourthe and parts of the old Principality of Liege also went into new French départements Meuse-Inférieure, and Sambre-et-Meuse
Liège city: Liège city, a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège, situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands and Germany, as the city is part of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia and still the principal economic and cultural centre of the region, with 198,280 inhabitants in 2012
History of Liège city: History of Liège city
Economy of Liège: Economy of Liège
Timeline of Liège: Timeline of Liège since the Middle Ages
721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht: 721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht - Since 3rd century chronology of catholic dioceses in Belgium
Since 1817 University of Liège: Since 1817 University of Liège, a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège in Wallonia, as its official language is French, and as of 2020 ULiège is ranked in the 301–350 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education - Since 1817 chronology and organisation of the University of Liège
Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station: Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station
August 1914 Battle of Liège: August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening engagement of the German empire's invasion of Belgium and the first battle of empire's World War I, after the Belgian government had announced that if war came it would uphold its historic neutrality, as the attack on Liège - a town protected by a ring fortress built from the late 1880s to the early 1890s - began on 5 August 1914 and lasted until 16 August, when the last fort surrendered, and as the siege of Liège followed by siege of Namur and more battles and sieges may have delayed the empire's (known for German 'Schrecklichkeit' since then) invasion of France by four to five days
Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II: Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces, and occupation then lasted until Belgium's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945, the second time in less than thirty years that German empire - always more committing war crimes - had attacked and occupied Belgium
Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège: Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège
1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège case in European law: 1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège, an important freedom of movement case in European law concerning non-discrimination in access to vocational education, holding that an education institution may not discriminate against students in terms of the fees they charge on grounds of nationality
May 2018 Liège attack: On 29 May 2018 prisoner on temporary Benjamin Herman, on leave from prison, stabbed two female police officers, took their guns, shot and killed them and a civilian in Liège, then taking a woman hostage before he was killed by police, reported to be part of the entourage of a prison Islamist recruiter
July 2021 European floods in Liège: Julliet 2021 inondation en Belgique et Liège
17 July 2021 floods in Liège: 17 juillet 2021: Le niveau de la Meuse ayant baissé, mais les secours ont découvert deux corps supplémentaires sur la commune d’Esneux, ce qui porte le bilan à trois morts depuis le début de la catastrophe, et sur l’arrondissement, ce sont donc à présent 15 personnes qui ont péri dans les inondations
29 July 2021 Belgium opens manslaughter investigation over flood deaths: 29 July 2021: A Belgian judge has opened an investigation for possible manslaughter over floods there that claimed 38 lives, the prosecutors office in the city of Liege announced, as the investigating magistrate has the task of identifying who might be responsible for 'involuntary homicide by lack of foresight or precaution' the prosecutors office said in a statement on Wednesday, and as Liege in the south of the country was worst hit by the disaster
Luxembourg Province: Luxembourg Province, the southernmost province of Wallonia bordering on the country of Luxembourg to the east, the French departments of Ardennes, Meuse and Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and southwest, and the Walloon provinces of Namur and Liège to the north, as its capital and largest city is Arlon in the south-east of the province, the largest Belgian province, but with only 285,000 residents in 2019
Namur Province: Namur province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French departments of Nord and Ardennes, with its capital and largest city Namur, as the province of Namur had a population of 494,325 citizens in 2019
Demographics of Belgium: Demographics of Belgium - Belgians - Belgian people by ethnic or national origin - Immigrants to Belgium
Flemish people: Flemish people
Walloons: Walloons are French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia
History of the Jews in Belgium: History of the Jews in Belgium - History of the Jews in Antwerp - Great Synagogue of Europe is the main synagogue in Brussels - 16 January 2015: Jewish schools in Belgium close amid terror threat
Afro Belgians: Afro Belgians are Belgian citizens and members of the Black African community in Belgium
Culture and languages of Belgium: Culture of Belgium - Languages of Belgium
Flemish culture
Walloon culture - Ars nova, music which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages until the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377
Architecture, art and literature in Belgium: Belgian architecture - Art of Belgium - Belgian literature
20 May 2023 fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries: 20 May 2023: Fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries, as leading art museums are reassessing their works after a Belgian journalist traced how a fascist sympathiser acquired a Jewish dealer’s collection
Music of Belgium: Music of Belgium - Burgundian School, group of composers mainly in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands - Franco-Flemish Music 14th-16th century
Education in Belgium: Education in Belgium - Education in Belgium by city
Schools in Belgium: Schools in Belgium - Lists of schools in Belgium
Universities in Belgium: Universities in Belgium - List of universities in Belgium
Science and technology in Belgium: Science and technology in Belgium
Health in Belgium: Health in Belgium
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Belgium: Medical outbreaks in Belgium - Disasters and man-made disasters in Belgium
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium - Covid-19 cases in Belgium by province, by location and day
Timeline of covid-19 since February 2020 in Belgium: Since February 2020 timeline of covid-19 in Belgium
19 April 2020 'I thought I would never wake up' and Belgium reports cases: 19 April 2020: As Belgium reports 38,496 confirmed cases of covid-19 with 5,683 deaths, Belgian doctor Sassine at Brussels' Delta Chirec hospital says 'I thought I would never wake up', after he and his team were all diagnosed at the hospital and after surviving following intensive care and 3 weeks in a coma
15 July 2020 second covid-19 teen victim: 15 juillet 2020: Une seconde victime de moins de 24 ans a été enregistrée en Belgique, à Bruxelles
31 December 2020 dozens of residents die at Belgian care home after 'Santa' visit: 31 December 2020: At least 26 residents of a Belgian retirement home near Antwerp have died since a of 'Saint Nicholas' who has since tested positive for covid-19, criticised as 'completely irresponsible' following the visit on 5 December by volunteers dressed as 'Saint Nicholas' and his helper 'Zwarte Piet', organised by the nursing home’s management
Healthcare in Belgium: Healthcare in Belgium - Medical and health organisations based in Belgium
Hospitals in Belgium: Hospitals in Belgium - List of hospitals in Belgium - Hospitals in Brussels-Capital Region
Belgian media: Belgian media
January 2015 threats against distribution of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo: 15 January 2015: Four bookshops in Brussels receive letters warning of reprisals if they distribute first issue of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo since last week's terror attacks in Paris
Newspapers in Belgium: Newspapers published in Belgium - List of newspapers in Belgium
Broadcasting in Belgium: Broadcasting in Belgium>
Radio in Belgium: Radio in Belgium
Internet in Belgium: Internet in Belgium
Crime in Belgium: Crime in Belgium
Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse and Belgian rapists: Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse - Belgian rapists
Belgian murderers of children and Belgian serial killers: Belgian murderers of children - Belgian serial killers
Racism in Belgium: Racism in Belgium
Antisemitism in Belgium: Antisemitism in Belgium
Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium: Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium
Terrorism and massacres in Belgium: Terrorism in Belgium - List of massacres in Belgium
May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
March 2016 Brussels bombings: 22 March 2016 Brussels bombings, three explosions occurred in Brussels, two of which were at the Brussels Airport and one on the metro system - 22 March 2016: Multiple casualties after airport and metro blasts in Brussels - 23 March: After attacks at Zaventem airport and Maelbeek metro station in Brussels killed at least 31 people and injured up to 230, el-Bakraoui brothers named as 'Islamic State' suicide bombers - 24 March: Raising awkward questions for Belgium’s intelligence services, Turkey’s Erdogan says that Belgium ignored Turkey’s warnings that Ibrahim el-Bakraoui was a foreign fighter - 24 March: As names of victims of Tuesday’s suicide bombings emerge, and as survivors reveal the horror of the blasts and narrow escapes, investigations and search for suspects continue - 25 March: Following suicide bombings in Brussels, some arrests linked to suspected wider network that plans, planned and asssisted terror attacks made in French and Belgian police raids - 26 March: Search for suspects in Belgium continues, as a series of raids and arrests reveal more links with the November Paris killings and a new French plot, and as reports reveal that suspects Ibrahim and Khaled El Bakraoui were on USA terror watch list as of last year - 28 March: Three men held as part of 13 raids in Brussels, Mechelen and Duffel at weekend charged with terrorist activity, as anti-immigrant demonstrators trample the memorial in Place de la Bourse in Brussels for victims of last week’s suicide bombings - 9 April: Belgian police detain two key suspects in the Islamic State attacks on Paris and Brussels
Counter-terrorism in Belgium: Counter-terrorism in Belgium
2015: January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium, including operation in Verviers against Islamist radicals and operations in Brussels, the nearby communes of Schaerbeek, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Vilvoorde, and Zaventem - 15 January 2015 Belgian anti-terrorist operation against Islamists - 15 January 2015: Casualties in Belgium police anti-terror raid in Verviers
Judiciary and court system in Belgium: Judiciary and court system in Belgium
Constitutional Court of Belgium: Constitutional Court of Belgium
Law enforcement in Belgium: Law enforcement in Belgium
Local and Federal Police in Belgium: Local Police in Belgium - Federal Police
Police brutality in Belgium: Police brutality in Belgium
Foreign relations of Belgium: Foreign relations of Belgium
Belgian colonial empire and relations with former colonies: Belgian colonial empire - Belgium/Former colonies relations
Treaties of Belgium: Treaties of Belgium
Belgian membership in international organisations: Belgian membership in international organisations
Belgium, Brussels and the EU: Brussels and the European Union
Belgium/United Nations relations: Belgium/United Nations relations
Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba: Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba in January 1961
Bilateral relations of Belgium: Bilateral relations of Belgium
Belgium/Algeria relations: Belgium/Algeria relations
Belgium/Austria relations: Belgium/Austria relations
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations: Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations
Since 1885 Belgian atrocities, Red Rubber system and forced labour in the 'Congo Free State': 1885-1908 Atrocities in the 'Congo Free State' - Red Rubber system and forced labour
Belgium/Ecuador relations: Relaciones Bélgica/Ecuador
Belgium/France relations: Belgium/France relations - 8 septembre 2012: Vive la Belgique! Le patron français de l'empire du luxe LVMH Bernard Arnault sollicite la nationalité belge
Belgium/Germany relations: Belgium/Germany relations
Belgium/Israel relations: Belgium/Israel relations
Belgium/Palestinian territories relations:
Belgium/Syria relations: Belgium/Syria relations
Belgium/Ukraine relations: Belgium/Ukraine relations
Belgium/United Kingdom relations: Belgium/United Kingdom relations
1814-1918 Congress of Vienna, World War I, German invasion of Belgium, British reaction and allied forces: 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna - Since August 1914 German invasion of Belgium - 1914-1918 World War I
Environment of Belgium: Environment of Belgium - Climate of Belgium
Global warming in Belgium: Global warming in Belgium
Natural disasters in Belgium: Natural disasters in Belgium
May-June 2016 European floods: May-June 2016 European floods


Bosnia and Herzegovina - Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Politics and elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Social movements and protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina society - Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina media: Bosnia and Herzegovina media
Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnian Police
Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian Mafia: Bosnian Mafia
Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian War 1992-1995, war crimes, prosecutions and legal proceedings (ongoing): Bosnian War, prosecutions and legal proceedings - War crimes in the Bosnian War
Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina/European Union relations: Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Environmental issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Environmental issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina


Bulgaria - Geography of Bulgaria - History of Bulgaria - Demographics of Bulgaria
Water in Bulgaria: Water in Bulgaria
Water transport in Bulgaria: Water transport in Bulgaria
Rail transport in Bulgaria: Rail transport in Bulgaria
Road transport in Bulgaria: Road transport in Bulgaria
Road incidents in Bulgaria: Road incidents in Bulgaria
Banking and banks of Bulgaria: Banks of Bulgaria - Bulgarian National Bank
Economic history of Bulgaria and business cycles: Economic history of Bulgaria
2008 Bulgarian energy crisis: 2008 Bulgarian energy crisis
Since 2009 economic downturn in Bulgaria following the international financial and economic crisis: Since 2009 economic downturn in Bulgaria following the international financial and economic crisis
2009 Bulgarian parliamentary and European election: Bulgarian parliamentary election 2009 - European Parliament election, 2009
May 2014 Bulgaria European Parliament election: Bulgaria European Parliament election 25 May 2014
May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria
17 March 2021 Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation: 17 March 2021: Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation
30 August 2021 political crisis in Bulgaria to lead to third parliamentary elections in 2021: 30 August 2021: Political crisis in Bulgaria to lead to third parliamentary elections this year
Protests in Bulgaria: Protests in Bulgaria
12 July 2020 thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests: 12 July 2020: Thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bulgaria: Bulgarian society - Human rights in Bulgaria
Economy of Sofia: Economy of Sofia
Since 2nd century CE timeline of Sofia: Since 2nd century CE timeline of Sofia
20th century timeline of Sofia: 20th century timeline of Sofia
1941-1944 bombing of Sofia in World War II: 1941-1944 bombing of Sofia in Axis powers' World War II
21st century CE timeline of Sofia: 21st century CE timeline of Sofia
Since 6th century BCE timeline of Varna: Since 6th century BCE timeline of Varna
Demographics and ethnic groups in Bulgaria: Demographics of Bulgaria - Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
Turks in Bulgaria: Turks in Bulgaria
Romani people in Bulgaria: Romani people in Bulgaria
History of the Jews in Bulgaria: History of the Jews in Bulgaria
Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria
Education in Bulgaria: Education in Bulgaria
Health in Bulgaria: Health in Bulgaria
Crime in Bulgaria: Crime in Bulgaria
Corruption in Bulgaria: Corruption in Bulgaria
Human trafficking in Bulgaria: Human trafficking in Bulgaria
Organized crime in Bulgaria: Organized crime in Bulgaria - Bulgarian mafia
Terrorism in Bulgaria: Terrorism in Bulgaria
July 2012 Burgas bus bombing: July 2012 Burgas bus bombing
Judiciary of Bulgaria: Judiciary of Bulgaria
Law enforcement in Bulgaria: Law enforcement in Bulgaria
Foreign relations of Bulgaria: Foreign relations of Bulgaria
Treaties of Bulgaria: Treaties of Bulgaria
Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria
Since 2014 international and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Bulgaria's membership in international organisationsBulgaria's membership in international organisations
Bulgaria and the European Union: Bulgaria and the European Union - Bulgaria and the euro
Bilateral relations of Bulgaria: Bilateral relations of Bulgaria
Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations: Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations
Bulgaria/Germany relations: Bulgaria/Germany relations
1939-1945 World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
Bulgaria/Lebanon relations: Bulgaria/Lebanon relations
Bulgaria/Romania relations: Bulgaria/Romania relations
Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations: Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations
19 October 2019 Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi: 19 October 2019: Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi salutes at England match
Bulgaria/USA relations: Bulgaria/USA relations
Environment and environmental issues in Bulgaria: Environment of Bulgaria - Environmental issues in Bulgaria
Protected areas of Bulgaria: Protected areas of Bulgaria
Natural disasters in Bulgaria: Natural disasters in Bulgaria
Floods in Bulgaria: Floods in Bulgaria
2014 Bulgarian floods: June 2014 Bulgarian floods


Croatia - Geography of Croatia - History of Croatia - Croatian War of Independance
Demographics of Croatia
Industry of Croatia: Industry of Croatia
Water transport in Croatia: Water transport in Croatia
Economic history of Croatia and economic cycles: Economic history of Croatia
2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia: Economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia
Labor and trade unions in Croatia: Labor and trade unions in Croatia
Taxation in Croatia: Taxation in Croatia
May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia: 23-26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia
Protests in Croatia: Protests in Croatia
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Croatia: Croatian society
Regions and cunties of Croatia: Regions of Croatia - 20 Counties of Croatia
Cities and towns in Croatia: Cities and towns in Croatia
Demographics of Croatia: Demographics of Croatia
Ethnic groups in Croatia: Ethnic groups in Croatia
Immigration to Croatia: Immigration to Croatia
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 16 September 2015: First refugees head for Croatia after Hungary's border crackdown - 18 September 2015: As Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia and police stand guard in front of refugees and migrants, Hungary builds border fence with Croatia - 18 September: Croatia fails to cope with refugee and migrant influx, as refugees wait for the trains that never come - 27 September 2015: Record migrant arrivals in Croatia as crisis deepens - 5 October: Refugees and migrants continue to cross from Serbia to Croatia in their thousands - 19 October 2015: Thousands of refugees trying to make their way to western Europe have rushed over Serbia’s border to Croatia after they were stranded for days in dangerous and deteriorating conditions, 'the last person to go was a young boy without a leg, and we helped him cross in a wheelchair', UNHCR's Melita Sunjic reports, as UN's Ban Ki-moon says, refugees are fleeing difficult hardships they can't bear by themselves
December 2019 brutal policing persists at Croatia’s borders: 22 December 2019: ‘Blood on the ground’ at Croatia’s borders as brutal policing persists
Education in Croatia: Education in Croatia
Health in Croatia: Health in Croatia
Medical outbreaks in Croatia: Medical outbreaks in Croatia
Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia: Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia
Healthcare in Croatia: Healthcare in Croatia
Sport in Croatia by sport: Sport in Croatia by sport
Media of Croatia: Media of Croatia
Newspapers in Croatia: List of newspapers in Croatia
Internet in Croatia: Internet in Croatia
War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia: War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia
Concentration and extermination camps of the Independent State of Croatia: Concentration camps of the Independent State of Croatia - Italian fascist internment camps in Croatia
1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp: 1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp, established in Slavonia by the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in marshland at the confluence of the Sava and Una rivers near the village of Jasenovac, one of the ten largest in Europe operated by the governing Ustaše regime, which was the only quisling regime in Nazi occupied Europe to operate extermination camps solely on their own for Jews and other ethnic groups - At 1941-1945 'Stara Gradiška concentration and extermination camp' in Croatia during WWII guarded by the Croatian Ustaše and specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jewish and Romani ethnicity, gas experiments were conducted and humans were poisoned using sulphur dioxide and later Zyklon B - 2011 'Crimes in Past and Present - government sponsored atrocities and international legal responses', edited by David M. Crowe
Massacres in Croatia: Massacres in Croatia
Violence in Croatia: Violence in Croatia
Human trafficking in Croatia: Human trafficking in Croatia
Law and legal history of Croatia: Law of Croatia - Legal history of Croatia
Judiciary of Croatia: Judiciary of Croatia
Law enforcement in Croatia: Law enforcement in Croatia
Foreign relations of Croatia: Foreign relations of Croatia
Treaties of Croatia: Treaties of Croatia
1939/1941-1945 World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy: 1941-1945 'Independent State of Croatia', a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941 after the invasion by the Axis powers. as its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia (until late 1943), Istria, and Medimurje regions (which today are part of Croatia), and as during its entire existence, the NDH was governed as a one-party state by the fascist Ustaša organization - 1941-1944/45 Croatian Home Guard, the land army part of the armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia which existed during World War II
1 January 2023 adoption of the euro: 1 January 2023: Croatia has switched to the euro and entered Europe’s passport-free zone, two important milestones for the country after joining the European Union nearly a decade ago. At midnight on Sunday, the Balkan nation bid farewell to its kuna currency and became the 20th member of the eurozone. But feelings among Croatians are mixed. While they welcome the end of border controls, some fear the euro switch will lead to an increase in the cost of living as businesses round up prices when they convert them. 'It will be difficult. Prices that are already high will become even higher,' said Ivana Toncic, a teacher from Zagreb. - Croatia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2023, becoming the 20th member state of the eurozone. This was the first expansion of the monetary union since Lithuania joined in 2015. A fixed conversion rate was set at 1 € = 7.53450 kn.
Bilateral relations of Croatia: Bilateral relations of Croatia
Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
Croatia/Israel relations: Croatia/Israel relations -
Croatia/Serbia relations: Croatia/Serbia relations
1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II: 1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II
1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence: 1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence
Environmentalism in Croatia: Environmentalism in Croatia
Water supply and sanitation in Croatia: Water supply and sanitation in Croatia
Natural disasters in Croatia: Natural disasters in Croatia
May 2014 Southeast Europe floods: May 2014 Southeast Europe floods
Earthquakes in Croatia: Earthquakes in Croatia


Cyprus - Modern history of Cyprus - Northern Cyprus - Demographics of Cyprus
Water transport in Cyprus: Water transport in Cyprus
Poverty in Cyprus: Poverty in Cyprus
Elections and politics in Cyprus: Elections in Cyprus
May 2011 Cypriot legislative election: Cypriot legislative election May 2011
24 February 2013: Cyprus president-elect Nicos Anastasiades pledged after his poll victory on Sunday to work for an early EU bailout accord to rescue the island from bankruptcy - 18 mars: Le Parlement chypriote se réunit pour examiner le plan de sauvetage européen qui a exigé que tous les dépôts bancaires soient taxés - 20 March: Emergency meeting after Cyprus MPs reject bank levy - 21 March: Cypriot president to present 'Plan B' rescue package - 21 March: European Central Bank issues ultimatum to Cyprus - 22 March 2013: Finance Minister Sarris back from Russia without reaching an agreement - 23 March: Parliament, in a late-night session, backed the first three of eight measures advanced by the government - 25 mars: Le plan de sauvetage conclu entre le gouvernement chypriote et la troďka comprend une taxe sur les dépôts de plus de 100.000 euros et la fermeture de la deuxième banque du pays - 26 March: Closed since March 16 to avert run on deposits Cyprus banks to remain closed until Thursday - 28 March: Temporary limits on daily withdrawals will remain in place as Cyprus reopens banks amid protests - 29 March: Cypriot president rules out leaving eurozone
May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus
Social movements and protests in Cyprus:
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Cyprus: Cypriot society - Human rights in Cyprus
Demographics of Cyprus: Demographics of Cyprus
Women in Cyprus: Women in Cyprus
Education in Cyprus: Education in Cyprus
Healthcare in Cyprus: Healthcare in Cyprus
Internet in Cyprus: Internet in Cyprus
Foreign relations of Cyprus: Foreign relations of Cyprus
Treaties of Cyprus: Treaties of Cyprus
Membership of Cyprus in international organisations: Membership of Cyprus in international organisations
Bilateral relations of Cyprus: Bilateral relations of Cyprus
Cyprus/Egypt relations: Cyprus/Egypt relations
Cyprus/Germany relations: Cyprus/Germany relations
Cyprus/Greece relations: Cyprus/Greece relations
Cyprus/Israel relations: Cyprus/Israel relations
Cyprus/Russia relations: Cyprus/Russia relations
Cyprus/Turkey relations: Cyprus/Turkey relations
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus: 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute: Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute
Cyprus/United Kingdom relations: Cyprus/United Kingdom relations
1914–1960 British Cyprus: British Cyprus 1914–1960
Cyprus/USA relations: Cyprus/USA relations
Environment of Cyprus: Environment of Cyprus - Climate of Cyprus
Protected areas of Cyprus and Paphos Forest: Protected areas of Cyprus - Paphos Forest
Natural disasters in Cyprus: Natural disasters in Cyprus
Earthquakes in Cyprus: List of earthquakes in Cyprus


Czech Republic - Geography of the Czech Republic - History of the Czech lands - Demographics of the Czech lands
Fossil fuels in the Czech Republic: Fossil fuels in the Czech Republic
Renewable energy in the Czech Republic: Renewable energy in the Czech Republic
Aviation in the Czech Republic: Aviation in the Czech Republic
Rail transport in the Czech Republic: Rail transport in the Czech Republic
Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic: Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic
Water transport in the Czech Republic: Water transport in the Czech Republic
Tourism in the Czech Republic: Tourism in the Czech Republic
Economic history of the Czech Republic and economic cycles: Economic history of the Czech Republic
1989-2014 economic history of the Czech Republic: Since 1989 economic history of the Czech Republic
Taxation in the Czech Republic: Taxation in the Czech Republic
Political parties in the Czech Republic: Political parties in the Czech Republic
Trade unions in the Czech Republic: Trade unions in the Czech Republic
Elections and politics in the Czech Republic: Elections in the Czech Republic
May 2010 Czech legislative election: 28/29 May 2010 Czech legislative election
October 2012 Czech Senate election: Czech Senate election, October 2012
17 January 2018 Andrej Babiš’s Czech government to resign after losing confidence vote: 17 January 2018: Andrej Babiš’s Czech government to resign after losing confidence vote
27 January 2018 anti-immigrant and pro-Putin Zeman takes victory over liberal opponent Jirí Drahoš: 27 January 2018: Anti-immigrant and pro-Putin Zeman takes victory over liberal opponent Jirí Drahoš by a thin margin of 51.5% to 48.5%
May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic: 24-25 May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic
2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate and regional elections: 2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate elections alongside regional elections
Social movements and protests in the Czech Republic: Protests in the Czech Republic
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in the Czech Republic: Czech society - Human rights in the Czech Republic
Cities in the Czech Republic: Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Culture of Prague and tourism: Culture of Prague, as the city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events. Some of the significant cultural institutions include the National Theatre and the Estates Theatre, where the premières of Mozart's Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held. Other major cultural institutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to the Prague Symphony Orchestra. The Prague State Opera performs at the Smetana Theatre. The city has many world-class museums, including the National Museum, the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the Jewish Museum in Prague, the Alfons Mucha Museum, the African-Prague Museum, the National Gallery, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic - Prague tourism, as since the late 20th century Prague has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations
Timeline of Prague since 870 CE: Timeline of Prague since 870 CE
1618-1620 Bohemian Revolt against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the 30 Years' War: 1618-1620 The Bohemian Revolt, an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism. The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it. The conflict spread to the rest of Europe and devastated vast areas of Central Europe, including the Czech lands, which were particularly stricken by its violent atrocities.
In 1848/1849 European uprising also in Prague Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary: In the 1840s - after Bedrich Smetana had returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts, also beginning work on his first major orchestral work 'Overture in D major' - Smetana was a participant in the 1848/1849 European uprising, also in Prague. For a period in 1848, also Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary. In the climate of political change and upheaval that swept through Europe beginning in France in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlícek was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy. A Citizens' Army 'Svornost' was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two marches dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and 'The Song of Freedom' to words by Ján Kollár. In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the Charles Bridge. The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlícek.
6 October 2022 first meeting of the IPC in Prague: 6 octobre 2022 la première réunion de la Communauté politique européenne rassemblera des dirigeants de tout le continent dans un esprit d'unité à Prague, avant la réunion informelle des chefs d'État ou de gouvernement, visant à favoriser le dialogue politique et la coopération afin de répondre aux questions d'intérêt commun et à renforcer la sécurité, la stabilité et la prospérité du continent européen. Les participants invités à prendre part à cette première réunion de la CPE sont les États membres de l'EU-27 et 17 autres pays y compris l'Arménie, l'Azerbaďdjan, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Géorgie, l'Islande, le Kosovo, la Moldavie, le Monténégro, la Macédoine du Nord, la Norvège, la Serbie, la Suisse, la Turquie, l'Ukraine et le Royaume-Uni
In 1848/1849 European uprising Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary: In the 1840s - after Bedrich Smetana had returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts, also beginning work on his first major orchestral work 'Overture in D major' - Smetana was a participant in the 1848/1849 European uprising, also in Prague. For a period in 1848, also Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary. In the climate of political change and upheaval that swept through Europe beginning in France in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlícek was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy. A Citizens' Army 'Svornost' was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two marches dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and 'The Song of Freedom' to words by Ján Kollár. In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the Charles Bridge. The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlícek.
Demographics in the Czech Republic: Demographics of the Czech lands
Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic: Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic
Immigration to the Czech Republic: Immigrants to the Czech Republic
Women in the Czech Republic: Women in the Czech Republic
Education in the Czech Republic: Education in the Czech Republic
Science and technology in the Czech Republic: Science and technology in the Czech Republic
Health in the Czech Republic: Health in the Czech Republic
Healthcare in the Czech Republic: Healthcare in the Czech Republic
Czech media: Czech media
Newspapers in the Czech Republic: Newspapers published in the Czech Republic
Internet in the Czech Republic: Internet in the Czech Republic
Crime in the Czech Republic: Crime in the Czech Republic
Corruption in the Czech Republic: Corruption in the Czech Republic
Racism in the Czech Republic: Racism in the Czech Republic
Human trafficking in the Czech Republic: Human trafficking in the Czech Republic
Judiciary and courts of the Czech Republic: Judiciary of the Czech Republic - Courts of the Czech Republic
Supreme Court of the Czech Republic: Since 1993 Supreme Court of the Czech Republic
Law enforcement in the Czech Republic: Law enforcement in the Czech Republic
Foreign relations of the Czech Republic: Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
Treaties of the Czech Republic: Treaties of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic's participation in international organizations: Czech Republic's participation in international organizations
Czech Republic and the United Nations: Czech Republic and the United Nations
Czech Republic in the European Union: Czech Republic in the European Union
Since July 2022 second Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union: Since July 2022 second Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union
Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic: Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic/Austria relations: Czech Republic/Austria relations
Czech Republic/P.R of China relations: Czech Republic/P.R of China relations
Czech-Chinese trade relations:Czech Republic/P.R of China trade relations
Czech Republic/France relations: Czech Republic/France relations
Czech Republic/Germany relations: Czech Republic/Germany relations
August-October 1944 'Slovak National Uprising' against NS regime: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War I, as the movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, by social democrats and Communists, and launched from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso - 1944-1945 SS general Hermann Höfle played a leading role in the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising, as after WWII - he was arrested by Czechoslovakian authorities, and tried along with Hanns Ludin, as both were sentenced to death and executed on 9 December 1947, as some sources claim that he died in custody on 3 December - Hanns Elard Ludin (1905 – 9 December 1947 in Bratislava), became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic
Czech Republic/Israel relations: Czech Republic/Israel relations
Czech Republic/Poland relations: Czech Republic/Poland relations
Czech Republic/Russia relations: Czech Republic/Russia relations
Czech Republic/Slovakia relations: Czech Republic/Slovakia relations
Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations: Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations
Czech Republic/Ukraine relations: Czech Republic/Ukraine relations
Ukrainians in the Czech Republic: Ukrainians in the Czech Republic
Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations: Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations
Czech Republic/USA relations: Czech Republic/USA relations
Landforms and ecoregions of the Czech Republic: Landforms of the Czech Republic - Ecoregions of the Czech Republic
Rivers of the Czech Republic: List of rivers of the Czech Republic
Natural disasters in the Czech Republic: Natural disasters in the Czech Republic
Floods in the Czech Republic: Floods in the Czech Republic
May/June 2013 European floods: May/June 2013 European floods
Weather events in the Czech Republic: Weather events in the Czech Republic


Denmark - Geography of Denmark - History of Denmark - Demographics of Denmark
Manufacturing companies of Denmark: Manufacturing companies of Denmark
Construction and civil engineering companies: Construction and civil engineering companies of Denmark
Electronics companies of Denmark: Electronics companies of Denmark
Energy in Denmark: Energy in Denmark
Renewable energy in Denmark: Renewable energy in Denmark
Water supply and sanitation in Denmark: Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
Economic history of Denmark and economic cycles: Economic history of Denmark - Income inequality in Denmark
Since 2001 Danish property bubble: Danish property bubble of 2000s
Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe: Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe - Denmark
Employment in Denmark: Employment in Denmark
Unemployment benefits in Denmark: Unemployment benefits in Denmark
Taxation and budget in Denmark: Taxation in Denmark - Budgets of Danish government
Elections and politics in Denmark: Elections in Denmark - Danish EU membership referendum 2011
May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark
5 October 2022 Denmark announced snap election on 1 November: 5. oktober 2022: Tirsdag den 1. november 2022 skal der afholdes valg til Folketinget
Constitution, social movements and protests in Denmark: Constitution of Denmark - Social and political movements in Denmark - Protests in Denmark
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Denmark: Danish society - Human rights in Denmark - Freedom of speech and freedom of the press in Denmark
Cities and towns in Denmark: Cities and towns in Denmark
Timeline of Copenhagen since 12th century: Timeline of Copenhagen since 1167, when Absalon's Castle founded
Faroese Dane: Faroese Dane
2014/2015 European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 European refugee and migrant crisis
Museums in Denmark: List of museums in Denmark
Economy, history and culture of Copenhagen: Economy of Copenhagen - History of Copenhagen - Culture in Copenhagen
Education in Denmark: Youth in Denmark
Health care in Denmark: Health care in Denmark
Crime in Denmark: Crime in Denmark
Corruption in Denmark: Corruption in Denmark
Tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark: Elements of income tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark
Human trafficking in Denmark: Human trafficking in Denmark
Law enforcement in Denmark: Law enforcement in Denmark
Courts of Denmark: Courts of Denmark
Police of Denmark: Police of Denmark
Foreign relations of Denmark: Foreign relations of Denmark
Treaties of Denmark: Treaties of Denmark
Denmark/European Union relations: European Union/Denmark relations
Denmark and the euro: Denmark and the euro
Bilateral relations of Denmark: Bilateral relations of Denmark
Denmark/Germany relations: Denmark/Germany relations
1943-1945 arrests and deportations of Danish Jews: Arrests and deportations of Danish Jews 1943-1945
Denmark/Iran relations: Denmark/Iran relations
Denmark/Norway relations: Denmark/Norway relations
Denmark/Poland relations: Denmark/Poland relations
Denmark/Sweden relations: Denmark/Sweden relations
Denmark/Syria relations: Denmark/Syria relations
March 2015 Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation: 5 March 2015: Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation
Denmark/Ukraine relations: Denmark/Ukraine relations
Denmark/USA relations: Denmark/USA relations
Geography and Kingdom of Denmark: Geography of Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
Forests of Denmark: Forests of Denmark
Water in Denmark: Water in Denmark
Environmental issues and environmentalism in Denmark: Environmental issues in Denmark - Environmentalism in Denmark
Natural disasters in Denmark: Natural disasters in Denmark
Weather events in Denmark: Weather events in Denmark
Faroe Islands: Faroe Islands, politically associated with the Kingdom of Denmark, but self-governing since 1948
Ports and harbours and water transport in the Faroe Islands: Ports and harbours of the Faroe Islands - Water transport in the Faroe Islands
Demographics and society of the Faroe Islands: Demographics of the Faroe Islands - Faroese society
Education in the Faroe Islands: Education in the Faroe Islands
Health in the Faroe Islands: Health in the Faroe Islands
Political parties on the Faroe Islands: List of political parties on the Faroe Islands
Elections in the Faroe Islands: Elections in the Faroe Islands
August 2019 Faroese general election: 31 August 2019 Faroese general election
Faroese law: Faroese law
Greenland: Greenland
Geography of Greenland: Geography of Greenland
Climate of Greenland: Climate of Greenland
Greenland ice sheet and ice cap climate: Greenland ice sheet - Ice cap climate
Water in Greenland: Water in Greenland
History of Greenland: History of Greenland
Economy of Greenland: Economy of Greenland
Education in Greenland: Education in Greenland
Health in Greenland: Health in Greenland


Iceland - Geography of Iceland - Geology of Iceland - History of Iceland - Demographics of Iceland
Energy in Iceland: Energy in Iceland
Geothermal power in Iceland: Geothermal power in Iceland
Fishing in Iceland: Fishing in Iceland
Economic history of Iceland: Economic history of Iceland
2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis: 2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis
Politics of Iceland: Politics of Iceland - 1 juillet 2012: Réélection du président Olafur Ragnar Grimsson
2012 Icelandic constitutional referendum: Icelandic constitutional referendum, 20 October 2012
Social movements and protests in Iceland: Protests in Iceland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Iceland: Icelandic society - Human rights in Iceland
Economy of Reykjavík: Economy of Reykjavík
Since 1911 University of Iceland: Since 1911 University of Iceland
Culture of Iceland: Culture of Iceland
Women in Iceland: Women in Iceland
Education in Iceland: Education in Iceland
Health and healthcare in Iceland: Health in Iceland - Healthcare in Iceland
Media of Iceland: Media of Iceland
Internet in Iceland: Internet in Iceland
Crime in Iceland: Crime in Iceland
Corruption in Iceland: Corruption in Iceland
Law and legal history of Iceland: Law of Iceland - Legal history of Iceland
Foreign relations of Iceland: Foreign relations of Iceland
Iceland/Israel relations:
Climate of Iceland: Climate of Iceland
Forests in Iceland: List of forests in Iceland
Islands of Iceland: List of islands of Iceland
Water and rivers of Iceland: Water in Iceland - List of rivers of Iceland
Natural disasters in Iceland: Natural disasters in Iceland
Volcanism of Iceland: Volcanism of Iceland
March-June 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull: March-June 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn: May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn
2014–2015 eruption of Bárđarbunga: 2014–2015 eruption of Bárđarbunga


Éire (Republic of Ireland) - History of Ireland - Geography of Ireland - Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
Companies of the Republic of Ireland by industry: Companies by industry in the Republic of Ireland by industry
Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland: Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland
Fishing in Ireland: Fishing in Ireland
Transport in Ireland: Transport in Ireland
Water transport in the Republic of Ireland: Water transport in the Republic of Ireland
Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland: Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland
Road transport in the Republic of Ireland: Road transport in the Republic of Ireland
Irish economic history, economic cycle and crises: Economic history of the Republic of Ireland
Taxation in the Republic of Ireland: Taxation in the Republic of Ireland
Elections and politics in the Republic of Ireland: Elections in the Republic of Ireland
2008/2009 Fallout of the Irish government budget 2009: Fallout of the 2009 Irish government budget
May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland: 24 May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland
Social movements and protests: Protests in Ireland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Ireland: Irish society - Human rights in Ireland
Provinces and counties of Ireland: 4 provinces of Ireland (Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster) no longer serve administrative or political purposes, but function as historical and cultural entities - Counties of Ireland, in 2019 there are 26 county level, 3 city level and 2 city and county entities – the modern equivalent of counties corporate – that are used to demarcate areas of local government in the Republic of Ireland - In the Republic of Ireland local government functions are mostly exercised by thirty-one local authorities, termed County, City, or City and County Councils - Local Government Reform Act 2014 - Local electoral areas for elections to local authorities in Ireland - There are currently 40 multi-member constituencies, that elect 158 TDs (members of parliament), to Dáil Éireann, Ireland's house of representatives, by means of the single transferable vote, to a maximum term of five years
Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county: Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county
History of Dublin to 795: History of Dublin to 795
Timeline of Dublin: Timeline of Dublin since 841
1919-1921 Irish War of Independence: 1919-1921 Irish War of Independence
1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state: 1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state in World War II
Economy of Cork: Economy of Cork
Economy of Limerick: Economy of Limerick
Demographics and ethnic groups in Ireland: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland - Ethnic groups in Ireland
History of the Jews in Ireland: History of the Jews in Ireland
Immigration to the Republic of Ireland: Immigration to the Republic of Ireland
Women and women's rights in Ireland: Women in Ireland - Women's rights in Ireland
Children's rights in Ireland: Children's rights in Ireland
Health in the Republic of Ireland: Health in the Republic of Ireland
Healthcare of the Republic of Ireland: Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland
Media of the Republic of Ireland: Media of the Republic of Ireland
Internet in the Republic of Ireland: Internet in the Republic of Ireland
Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system: Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system in Ireland
Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies
2017 Tuam care home mass grave of babies and children: 3 March 2017: Mass grave of babies and children found at Tuam care home in Ireland
Crime in the Republic of Ireland: Crime in the Republic of Ireland
Corruption in Ireland: Corruption in Ireland
Violence against women in Ireland: Violence against women in Ireland
Law and legal history of the Republic of Ireland: Law of the Republic of Ireland - Law and legal history in the Republic of Ireland
Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland: Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland
Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland: Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland
Foreign relations of Ireland: Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland
Treaties of Ireland: Treaties of Ireland
Ireland and the European Union EU: Ireland and the European Union EU
Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland: Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland/Australia relations: Ireland/Australia relations - Irish Australian
Ireland/USA relations: Ireland/USA relations - Irish Americans
Natural disasters in Ireland: Natural disasters in Ireland
Weather events in Ireland: Weather events in Ireland


Finland - Geography of Finland - History of Finland - Demographics of Finland
Mines in Finland: Mines in Finland
Manufacturing companies of Finland: Manufacturing companies of Finland
Electronics companies of Finland: Electronics companies of Finland
Nuclear power in Finland: Nuclear power in Finland
Coal and peat energy in Finland: Peat energy in Finland - Coal in Finland
Agriculture in Finland: Agriculture in Finland
Forestry in Finland: Forestry in Finland
Tourism in Finland: Tourism in Finland
Economic history of Finland and economic cycles: Economic history of Finland
Taxation in Finland: Taxation in Finland
Welfare in Finland: Welfare in Finland
Political parties in Finland: Political parties in Finland
Trade unions in Finland: Trade unions in Finland
Politics and elections in Finland: Elections in Finland
October 1994 Finnish European Union membership referendum: Finnish European Union membership referendum 16 October 1994
October 2012 Finnish municipal elections: Finnish municipal elections October 2012
May 2014 European Parliament election in Finland: 25 May 2014 European Parliament election in Finland
May 2019 European Parliament election in Finland: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Finland
3 April 2023 Sanna Marin suffers defeat in Finland election as SDP beaten into third place: 3 April 2023: Finland's PM Sanna Marin suffers defeat in Finland election as SDP beaten into third place
Social movements and protests in Finland: Social movements in Finland - Environmentalism in Finland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Finland: Finnish society - Human rights in Finland
Since 1550 Timeline of Helsinki: Since 1550 Timeline of Helsinki
1713 Helsinki taken by Russian forces: 1713 Helsinki taken by Russian forces
Since 1809 Russian empire's Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917: Since 1809 Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917, Governorate-General of the Russian Empire
Sami people: Sami people
History of the Jews in Finland: History of the Jews in Finland
Swedish-speaking population of Finland: Swedish-speaking population of Finland
Karelians: Karelians
Culture and languages of Finland: Culture of Finland - Languages of Finland
Women and women’s rights in Finland: Women in Finland - Women’s rights in Finland
Childhood and youth in Finland: Childhood in Finland - Youth in Finland
Education in Finland: Education in Finland
Universities in Finland: List of universities in Finland
Health in Finland: Health in Finland
Healthcare in Finland: Healthcare in Finland
Finnish media: Finnish media
Newspapers in Finland: List of newspapers in Finland
Broadcasting in Finland: Broadcasting in Finland
Internet in Finland: Internet in Finland
Crime in Finland: Crime in Finland
Guns and gun politics in Finland: Guns and gun politics in Finland
School shootings in Finland: School shootings in Finland
Spree shootings in Finland: Spree shootings in Finland
February 1999 Helsinki shooting club shooting: 21 February 1999 Helsinki shooting club shooting with a rented pistol
Terrorism in Finland: Terrorism in Finland
Racism in Finland: Racism in Finland
Corruption in Finland: Corruption in Finland
Sexual violence in Finland: Sexual violence in Finland
Law and legal history of Finland: Law of Finland - Legal history of Finland - Constitution of Finland
Judicial and court system of Finland: Judicial system of Finland - Court system in Finland
Supreme Court of Finland: Supreme Court of Finland
Since 1945 War-responsibility trials in Finland: War-responsibility trials in Finland since 1945
Law enforcement in Finland: Law enforcement in Finland
Foreign relations of Finland: Foreign relations of Finland
Treaties of Finland: Treaties of Finland
Bilateral relations of Finland: Bilateral relations of Finland
Finland/Denmark relations: Finland/Denmark relations
Finland/Estonia relations: Finland/Estonia relations
Finland/Germany relations: Finland/Germany relations
1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945
Finland/Liberia relations (Finnish-Liberian Friendship Association): Finland/Liberia relations (Finnish-Liberian Friendship Association)
Finland/Nato relations: Finland/Nato relations
Finland/Norway relations: Finland/Norway relations
Finland/Russia relations: Finland/Russia relations
History of Finland/Russia relations and economic relations: History of Finland/Russia relations and economic relations
1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945 - Paris Peace Treaties 1947
July 2015 Finland scrambles to intercept Russian military aircraft: 9 July 2015: Finland scrambles to intercept Russian military aircraft
Finland/Sweden relations: Finland/Sweden relations
Finland/Ukraine relations: Finland/Ukraine relations
History of Finland-Ukraine relations: History of Finland-Ukraine relations
Forests of Finland: Forests of Finland
Protected areas of Finland: Protected areas of Finland
Water in Finland: Water in Finland
2007 Nokia water supply contamination: November 2007 Nokia water supply contamination
Rivers of Finland: List of rivers of Finland
Lakes of Finland: List of lakes of Finland
Environmental organisations based in Finland: Environmental organisations based in Finland
Natural disasters in Finland: Disasters and natural disasters in Finland
Fires in Finland: Fires in Finland


France - Geography of France - Gaul during the Iron Age inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy, of the Netherlands and of Germany - Gallic Wars and expansion of the Roman Empire over the whole of Gaul 58–52 BC - Frankish Kingdom 481–843 during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages - History of France - Early modern France 1453–1789 - French colonial empire 1534-1980 - French Revolution 1789-1799 marking the global decline of absolute monarchies and organized religions and replacing them with democracies and republics, and Napoleon until 1815 - France in the twentieth century, post World War II period 1945-present - Demographics of France
Shipbuilding companies of France: Shipbuilding companies of France
Car manufacturers of France: Car manufacturers of France
Tractor manufacturers of France: Tractor manufacturers of France
Chemical companies of France: Chemical companies of France
Clothing companies of France: Clothing companies of France
French bicycle industry: French bicycle industry
Construction and civil engineering companies of France: Construction and civil engineering companies of France
Housing in France: Logement en France
Energy and energy companies of France: Energy in France - Energy companies of France
Fossil fuels and oil companies of France: Fossil fuels in France - Oil companies of France
November 2011 France needs to upgrade all nuclear reactors: 17 November 2011: France needs to upgrade all nuclear reactors
Water pollution in France: Water pollution in France
Transport in France by city: Transport in France by city - Transport in Paris
Foreign trade of France: Foreign trade of France
Banking in France: Banking in France
Since 2010 Bank of France controversy: Since 2010 Bank of France controversy
Since 2010 BNP Paribas controversies: BNP Paribas controversies since 2010
Since 2006 Crédit Agricole controversies: Crédit Agricole controversies since 2006
Since the early 1990s Société Générale controversies: Société Générale controversies since the early 1990s
Since 2010 Groupe BPCE controversy: Groupe BPCE controversy since 2010
Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy: Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy
Late 2000s recession in Europe and France: Late 2000s recession in Europe: France
Chômage en France: Chômage en France
Inégalités de revenu en France: Inégalités de revenu en France
Poverty in France: Poverty in France
French Armed Forces: French Armed Forces
World War I weapons and chemical warfare: November 2013: 'The Origins of Chemical Warfare in the French Army' analysis shows contrary to the existing historiography, that the French army aggressively adapted to, and engaged in, chemical warfare in the 20th century - 3 July 2016: The oldest reported case of a chemical substance being used as a weapon due to its toxic properties occurred in the year 256 BC, during the siege of the Persian city Dura Europos in modern Syria, where they used a mixture of tar and sulfur to produce sulfur oxides and thus take control of the city, as France in August 1914 in German empire's World War I launched bromine ethyl acetate tear gas grenades, as the Germans, aware of the allies’ interests in developing chemical weapons, also did the same by strongly developing their chemical industry (especially the dye industry), achieving an ideal situation for offensive chemical development, after French police in 1912 employed Ethyl bromoacetate against people
Since 1954 nuclear weapons program of France and tests abroad: Nuclear weapons program of France - List of nuclear weapons tests of France
1960-1996 French weapons of mass destruction testing centers abroad: French weapons Saharan experiments centres (1960–66), Pacific experiments centre (1966–1996)
Barracuda class nuclear attack submarine: Barracuda class, a nuclear attack submarine for the French Navy
Military budget in France: Military budget
Intelligence agencies of France: List of intelligence agencies of France
Taxation and budget in France: Taxation in France - Budget of France
June 1960 amendment concerning French colonies in Africa and French pressure: 4 June 1960 adopted amendment to the constitution concerning the independence of 'African Member States of the French Community' - 1960 independance of 13 African countries from France during the 'Year of Africa', as France exerted pressure to remain within the French sphere of influence, particularly in economic terms, and French companies thus accepted arrangements, because they would remain well-positioned to profit from the newly independent countries - 1960 is referred to as the 'Year of Africa' because of a series of events that took place during the year, mainly the independence of 17 African nations, that highlighted the growing Pan-African sentiments in the continent, a culmination of African independence movements and the subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force in the UN
Political parties in France: Political parties of France
Socialist Party: Socialist Party
Trade unions in France: Trade unions in France
Parliament of France: French Parliament
Government of France: Government of France
Elections and politics in France: Elections in France
Élections cantonales mars 2011: Élections cantonales mars 2011
January-May 2016: 27 January 2016: French minister Christiane Taubira resigns after fallout over controversial plan to strip people convicted of terrorism of their French citizenship - 1 février 2016: Christiane Taubira n'a pas abandonné le débat sur la déchéance de nationalité pour autant et va publier un livre-réquisitoire - 10 February 2016: French MPs vote in favour of in 2012 elected president Hollande’s heavily contested package of measures to change the French constitution enshrining 'emergency powers' - 10/11 February: French FM Fabius steps down questioning the USA’s commitment to resolving the crisis in Syria, saying its 'ambiguous' policy was contributing to the problem, as Hollande brings Greens and former PM Ayrault to government in cabinet reshuffle - 4 mai 2016: François Hollande à son plus bas niveau historique
June 2017 French legislative election: 11 and 18 June 2017 French legislative election - 12 June 2017: Amid concerns over low turnout of just 48.71%, 'La République En Marche' party and its allies take 32,32% of vote in first round, ahead of 'Les Républicains' and its allies on 21.56%, the anti-EU 'Front National' on 13.20%, followed by 'La France Insoumise' and its allies on 11,02%, the 'Socialist party', that took just 9.51% of the vote with its allies, and 'Europe Écologie Les Verts' on 4.3% - 18/19 June 2017: Tempered by a record low turnout of 42.64% and as abstention particularly high in low-income areas reopens the debate about France’s social divide, the French voting system and legitimacy, Macron’s party and its ally has won a large majority in the French parliament, taking 350 out of 577 seats, handing him a relatively free rein to implement his plans to change French labour law and overhaul unemployment benefits and pensions
September 2017 French Senate election: 24 September 2017 French Senate election
Since 18 July 2018 Benalla-Macron affair: Since 18 July 2018 Benalla affair, a political and judicial case involving Alexandre Benalla, who served as a security officer and deputy chief of staff to Emmanuel Macron - 19 July 2018: France’s public prosecutor has opened a preliminary inquiry after Benalla, one of Emmanuel Macron’s top security officers, was filmed hitting and stamping on a young man at the edge of a Paris demonstration on 1 May while illegally dressed as a police officer, as it emerged that Benalla had continued to take part in other high-profile presidential security operations and MPs suggest there had been a cover up - 20 July 2018: French politicians insisted on a parliament inquiry into how Macron's security officials could have appeared wearing a police armband and visor, committing violence among real police officers without being stopped, as second bodyguard Vincent Crase who worked for Macron also featured wearing a police armband, violently dragging, shaking and raising his hand against young man - 23 July 2018: Macron under pressure to say why aide's brutality went unreported - 25 July 2018: Saying 'Alexandre Benalla has never had the nuclear codes, ... neither has Alexandre Benalla ever been my lover', Emmanuel Macron - after keeping Benalla’s assaults quiet for more than two months - wants to take the blame over Benalla scandal, caused by hate against the national and international labour movement
December 2018: 2 December 2018: French government to hold emergency meeting after central Paris saw its worst unrest in a decade on Saturday afternoon as masked protesters fought running battles with police, set fire to cars, banks and houses and burned makeshift barricades on the edges of demonstrations against rising fuel taxes and living costs, as peaceful protestors complained that the use of teargas had begun very early in the morning, and as Alexandre Benalla's foster-father Macron said he would 'never accept violence' - 4 December 2018: French government reportedly 'to suspend fuel tax increase' following protests - 10 December 2018: In a long-awaited address on television, Macron tried to talk the protesters out of further action, promising a rise in the minimum wage and tax concessions, saying he had heard and understood protesters’ anger and indignation, which he said was 'deep and in many ways legitimate' - 11 December 2018: Macron’s appeal to French from behind gold desk reportedly leaves 'gilets jaunes' protesters unimpressed, as a record 23 million people tuned in - 16 décembre 2018: L'ex-collaborateur déchu de l'Élysée Alexandre Benalla a de nouveau été mis en examen le 29 novembre pour des violences commises en marge du défilé du 1er mai à Paris - 16 décembre 2018: Le premier ministre Philippe a concédé que l'Exécutif n'avait 'pas assez écouté les Français' et 'fait des erreurs' dans la gestion de la gestion de la crise des 'gilets jaunes'
February 2019: 1 février 2019: 'Nous sommes un peuple violent, depuis des siècles et des siècles. La France n'est pas la Suisse', s'exprime Macron dans une 'discussion au coin du feu' - 1 février 2019: Le Conseil d'Etat français est resté sourd aux demandes de la Ligue des droits de l'homme contre les violences policières et l'usage du LBD à l'origine de nombreuses blessures graves, utilisée plus de 9200 fois depuis le début du mouvement de contestation sociale - 10 février 2019: Une enquête judiciaire a été ouverte après qu'un manifestant a eu la main déchiquetée par une grenade samedi à Paris - 20 February 2019: A French senate committee has recommend prosecuting Alexandre Benalla, the former security aide of the French president Macron, for perjury following a seven-month investigation into his violent conduct during a street protest
May 2019 European Parliament election in France: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in France
August 2019 victims of 1982 anti-Semitic attack demand parliamentary inquiry: 9 August 2019: Families of the victims of the 1982 terrorist attack on Paris’ Jewish quarter and Jo Goldenberg’s restaurant are demanding a parliamentary inquiry into an alleged secret pact of French intelligence with the perpetrators, after ex-French spy chief Yves Bonnet now, in 2019, admitted the 1980s pact with Fatah terrorists, following the August 1982 bombing and shooting attack by the Abu Nidal Organization - Since 28 August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following the 9 August 1982 terrorist attack in Paris, when a secret police anti-terrorist cell established by president François Mitterrand arrested three Irish nationals in Vincennes, proudly proclaiming a victory against 'international terrorism', until in 1983 the case fell apart and the suspects were exonerated when it was revealed that weapons and other evidence used against the three had been planted by the arresting officers, who then lied to the courts with the support of the executive - 17 June 2015: Suspects, including the mastermind al-Abassi of the 1982 bomb attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris, were identified 32 years later thanks to statements from Abu Nidal group members to whom French judges guaranteed anonymity
2 September 2019 France canvasses Iranian regime: 2 September 2019: Once again France hosts Iranian regime officials, presenting offers including a $15 billion credit line for oil 'pre-purchases' to threatening Iranian regime, also praising terror group Hezbollah's Sunday missile attack on IDF targets, as regime's diplomats travel to France and Russia to reinforce regime's Friday deadline for Europe to offer it a way to sell its crude oil on the global market, and as Yad Vashem marks 80th anniversary of start of World War II with online exhibit, describing the progression of the war and exploring the lives of Europe’s Jewish communities with many unable to comprehend the impending horror the war would bring, following European and American retreat in the face of getting stronger nazism and fascism
November 2019 France pledges millions to stop deadly domestic violence: 25 November 2019: France pledges millions to stop deadly domestic violence
8 December 2019 pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests: 8 December 2019: France pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests
5 January 2020 French allied pro-Haftar airstrike kills at least 28 young people and leaves dozens injured in Tripoli: 5 janvier 2020: Au moment de la frappe contre l'école militaire de Tripoli à al-Hadba al-Khadra, un secteur résidentiel peuplé dans la capitale libyenne, qui a tué 28 cadets et blessé des dizaines d'autres, les jeunes hommes effectuaient leur dernier rassemblement de la journée dans la cour principale avant de regagner leurs dortoirs, après la mission de l’ONU en Libye, à plusieurs reprises, a demandé que les secteurs civils soient épargnés par les frappes qui 'pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre' - 5 January 2020: Deadly airstrike on young people in Tripolis occurred after ambulance service appealed for a temporary ceasefire to allow its crews to retrieve the bodies of five civilians killed on As Sidra Road in southern Tripoli and to evacuate families, coming under fire after their appeal
17 March 2020 in a speech to the nation Macron declares 'We are at war': 16/17 March 2020: After inviting and hosting war criminal Putin in France in August 2019, after hosting Chinese regime's Xi Jinping in France in March 2019, after inviting murderous Iranian regime's Zarif to France in August 2019, after supporting Libyan warlord Haftar murdering innocent civilians, desperate refugees, women and children since April 2019, after saying in 2019 'nous sommes un peuple violent', France's drama student Macron declared in a speech to the nation 'We are at war' against ... coronavirus, tightening restrictions on freedom of movement, suspending economic reforms and delaying the second round of local elections in the fight against Chinese coronavirus, banning his French fellow citizens insulted as violent from making anything other than essential outings from their homes on pain of punishment for at least two weeks - 17 mars 2020: Macron déclare la 'guerre' au coronavirus et restreint fortement les déplacements des Français - Les États font la guerre aux autres États, pas aux individus ni aux familles qui les composent, le mot la 'guerre' est définie comme un acte de politique étrangère ou défensif, et vient du francique 'werra', vieux haut allemand werra 'confusion, querelle, lutte', en anglais 'war' vient du normand werre, variante de 'guerre', meaning 'to confuse', 'to bring into confusion'
9 June 2020 France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality: 9 June 2020: France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality
29 November 2020 'unacceptable' injury of Syrian photojournalist Alhalbi during Paris protest against police brutality: 29 November 2020: Press freedom group has denounced the 'unacceptable' injury of award-winning Syrian photojournalist Ameer Alhalbi during a Paris protest against police brutality, as the freelance photographer who worked for Polka Magazine and AFP was covering the demonstrations against police violence and the government’s new law restricting the sharing of images of officers over the weekend when he was injured at the end of the tenth year of Assad's, Putin's and Khamenei's war against the Syrian people - 29 novembre 2020: L’Agence France-Presse AFP a réclamé dimanche une enquête de police après que l’un de ses collaborateurs, le photographe syrien Ameer al-Halbi, qui a été primé à plusieurs reprises pour ses photos de la guerre en Syrie pour le compte de l’AFP, a été blessé samedi durant la manifestation contre le texte de loi 'sécurité globale' et des violences policières samedi à Paris
23 June 2023 governments at Paris summit to finalise climate finance roadmap before the UN Cop28 climate summit this November: 23 June 2023: Paris climate finance summit fails to deliver debt forgiveness plan, as countries in debt distress thrown financial lifeline but critics say measures fall short of what is needed - 23 June 2023: Paris finance reforms could untie poor countries’ hands in climate crisis and changes to the World Bank could unlock developing states access to loans and to the means of staving off disaster, as many poor countries enjoy vast natural resources of wind and sun yet struggle to access renewable energy because of the crippling cost of capital imposed on them. Private sector companies perceive far greater risk in poor countries, penalising most heavily the countries in greatest need of investment.
29 juin 2023: l'Algérie suit avec une 'très grande attention' les développements de l'affaire: 29 juin 2023: Après la disparition du jeune Nahel, l'Algérie suit avec une 'très grande attention' les développements de l'affaire
30 June 2023 Macron tells parents to keep teenagers at home, policing unions criticised over inflammatory language: 30 June 2023: Macron tells parents to keep teenagers at home, policing unions criticised over inflammatory language, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
Social movements and protests in France: Protests in France - Political movements in France
2013: 5 janvier 2013: Lors d'une rencontre avec une délégation des salariés de Petroplus à Val-de-Reuil (Eure), Hollande a exclu une reprise du site par les pouvoirs publics - 25 March 2013: Paris police used tear gas and batons to fight hundreds of thousands of people protesting against a draft law allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children - 5 mai 2013: Grande manifestation anti-austérité du Parti de Gauche à Paris - 6 June: Protests held in France after left-wing student Clement Meric beaten to death by a group of far-right militants - 10 septembre: Entre 155 000 et 360 000 personnes ont participé aux quelque 180 rassemblements organisés en France pour protester contre la première réforme des retraites - 17 October: Paris students protest against the deportation of foreign pupils following the high-profile eviction of a 15-year-old Roma girl - 1 décembre 2013: Face aux récentes attaques contre la ministre Christiane Taubira, plusieurs milliers de personnes se sont rassemblées à Paris pour dire non à toutes formes de discrimination - 3 décembre: Soirée contre la haine au Théâtre du Rond-Point à Paris
2015: 9 January 2015: Thousands of people took to the streets in France and other countries again Thursday to condemn the killing of 12 people by terrorists at Paris-based satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo - 11 January: As police hunt suspected accomplice more than 700,000 people took to the streets of France in solidarity with terror victims ahead of Paris march - 11 January: An estimated 3.7 million people across France march in solidarity with terror victims, all ages, nations and religions showing their support for the Republic's 'liberté, égalité, fraternité' - 2 March: As Russians march in mourning for murdered opposition leader Nemtsov in Moscow, in Paris about 100 people gathered to remember Nemtsov, asking for an international investigation to be opened and carrying posters reading 'I am Boris' - 24 May 2015: About 3,000 protesters gathered in Paris to protest against the USA biotechnology giant Monsanto and its genetically modified crops and pesticides - 5 septembre: Plus de 10000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi dans toute la France, et notamment à Paris, pour l’accueil des réfugiés - 22 novembre 2015: Plus de 10.000 manifestants 'contre la barbarie' à Toulouse, une semaine après les attentats de Paris - 2 December 2015: A court in Paris fines a woman €1,000 for refusing to have her fingerprints taken at a rally where clashes erupted between protesters and security forces ahead of 2015 UN climate summit
2016: 26 January 2016: Day of protest as taxi drivers, teachers, farmers and air traffic controllers among employees taking industrial action across France - 27 February: Angry French farmers heckle Hollande at agricultural fair amid rising tensions in agricultural sphere over competition from big industry and neighbouring countries in Europe's single market - 9 March 2016: French students take to the streets to protest far-reaching labour-law reforms as labour unions pledge to hold about 150 marches and protests nationwide - 24 mars 2016: Les manifestations contre le projet de loi travail, présenté en Conseil des ministres, ont rassemblé jeudi plusieurs milliers de jeunes et salariés à Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Grenoble ou encore Besançon, à l'appel de sept syndicats et organisations de jeunes, une vidéo montrant un policier frappant un jeune fait le buzz - 31 March 2016: Hundreds of thousands of workers and high-school students joined protest marches across France to challenge plans to loosen the country's protective labour laws that unions say favour businesses
January/February 2017: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 18 février 2017: 4000 à 5000 personnes selon les organisateurs, se sont réunies samedi à Paris à l'appel notamment d'associations antiracistes et de syndicats, pour protester contre les violences policières après le viol à la matraque présumé d'un jeune noir, Théo, au cours d'une interpellation - 19 février 2017: Des manifestations contre la 'corruption' en politique se sont déroulées dimanche à Paris et ailleurs en France, une première depuis les accusations d'emplois fictifs visant le candidat de droite à la présidentielle François Fillon et la candidate d'extrême droite Marine Le Pen
December 2018: 3 décembre 2018: Une vieille dame, qui a été atteinte par une grenade lacrymogène tirée lors des manifestations des 'gilets jaunes' à Marseille, est morte à l'hôpital - 7 December 2018: French high school students in Paris made to kneel with hands on heads by police, as protests at nearly 300 schools against stricter university entrance requirements have added to recent unrest - 8 December 2018: Over 350 detained and police accused to use teargas against protesters, as Paris braces for ‘yellow vest’ protest violence, and tens of thousands of police took position around France, fearing worsening violence in a new round of anti-government protests - 9 December 2018: 'Protesters' faced off with French riot police in Paris, hurling projectiles, torching cars, vandalising shops, restaurants and newsstands, also damaging a social movement which stands up for an increase to the minimum wage, lower taxes, higher salaries, cheaper energy, better retirement benefits and help for hard-pressed households, certainly without ability to replace torched cars - 9 December 2018: Uniting green and yellow vest protesters, people took to the streets in Paris on Saturday to demand that global leaders take action on climate change
January 2019: 5 janvier 2019: Les 'gilets jaunes' continuent la mobilisation dans plusieurs villes de France, pour défier le gouvernement - 6 janvier 2019: Lors des rassemblements des 'gilets jaunes' à Toulon, un officier de police a été filmé en train de frapper plusieurs personnes, pour le procureur de la République c'était un acte 'proportionnel' - 6 janvier 2019: Des centaines de femmes 'gilets jaunes' se sont rassemblées dimanche dans plusieurs villes, souhaitant donner une image pacifique du mouvement au lendemain d'une mobilisation nationale aussi marquée à la fin par de nouvelles violences - 8 January 2019: Former French boxing champion who was filmed punching police officers during a gilets jaunes protest and who handed himself in to police, has said in a video that he had 'boiled over' after being teargassed alongside his wife on his eighth Saturday protest, also saying 'I reacted badly', adding that he had seen the 'repression' of the police towards protesters - 11 janvier 2019: Manifestation des 'gilets jaunes' interdite à Bourges - 12 janvier 2019: Des dizaines de milliers de 'gilets jaunes' sont de nouveau attendus samedi partout en France contre la politique sociale et fiscale du gouvernement - 12 January 2019: Police use water cannon and teargas on Paris protesters, as at least 84,000 demonstrators turned out across France, according to officials, and as in Bourges, a town of 66,000 people (chosen because of its central location) about 6,700 gilets jaunes gathered despite a ban on protests in its historical centre
3 June 2020 Paris protest against racism and police violence: 3 June 2020: Clashes at Paris protest against racism and police violence
18 June 2020 health workers protest in France: 18 June 2020: Health workers protest in France
Depuis le 18 janvier 2024 mouvement des agriculteurs de 2024 en France: Depuis le 18 janvier 2024 mouvement des agriculteurs de 2024 en France, une série de manifestations et de blocages routiers organisés principalement par les syndicats agricoles, FNSEA, Jeunes agriculteurs, Coordination rurale, Confédération paysanne. Les agriculteurs expriment leur colère et leurs revendications face à la baisse de leurs revenus, à la hausse des charges, à la concurrence déloyale permise par les traités de libre-échange, à l'empilement des normes lié à une réglementation trop complexe, à la fiscalité, à certains aspects de la réglementation européenne en matière d'agriculture et aux contrôles de l'administration française. Ils demandent au gouvernement de Gabriel Attal des mesures concrètes et rapides pour soutenir le secteur agricole et garantir sa pérennité.
Chronologie du mouvement des agriculteurs de 2024 en France: 3Chronologie du mouvement des agriculteurs de 2024 en France


Society, demographics, culture and human rights in France: French society
1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'
Since 1945 French Indochina War and since 1930/1931 use of torture in Vietnam: French Army practiced torture in Vietnam since 1930 and during its Indochina War since 1945
Economy and transport in Le Havre: Economy and transport in Le Havre
Timeline of Le Havre: Timeline of Le Havre
1516 Harbour construction begins: 1516 Harbour construction begins
Since 1847 Le Havre station: Since 1847 Le Havre station
Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945: Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945
Le Havre after 1945: Le Havre after 1945
Economy and transport in Rouen: Transport in Rouen
Education in Rouen: Education in Rouen
Timeline of Rouen: Timeline of Rouen
History of Rouen in the Middle Ages: History of Rouen in the Middle Ages
Since 1966 University of Rouen: Since 1966 University of Rouen
Timeline of Caen: Timeline of Caen
912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy: 912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy
Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy: Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy
Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen: Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen
Since 1857 Caen station: Since 1857 Caen station
Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg: Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg
Timeline of Cherbourg: History and timeline of Cherbourg
Cherbourg in the Middle Ages: Cherbourg in the Middle Ages
20th century Cherbourg and German empire's World War I 1914-1918: Cherbourg in the early 20th century and German empire's World War I 1914-1918
Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century: Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century
Economy and tourism of Lisieux: Économie et tourisme de Lisieux en Normandie
Timeline and history of Lisieux: Histoire et chronologie de la ville de Lisieux
June-August 1944 liberation of Lisieux by allied forces against opposing NSDAP-forces, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Juin-août 1944 la prise de Lisieux était un enjeu stratégique pour les Alliés après le débarquement de Normandie, car la ville était un nśud ferroviaire et routier important, permettant à la fois de rejoindre Caen, Deauville, Le Havre, Paris et Alençon, cependant Lisieux ne fut libéré que le 23 août 1944 par les troupes britanniques - Bilan humain des bombardements de Lisieux qui font plus de 800 victimes, soit environ 5% de la population de l'époque - Avant 1944, Lisieux était surnommée la 'capitale du bois sculpté', car ses rues étroites étaient bordées de maisons médiévales à pans de bois sculptés en encorbellement et aux façades ouvragées, abritant des commerces centenaires, mais après la bataille du 'GFM Erwin Rommel' - héroďquement - environ 75% des bâtiments de la ville sont directement détruits par les bombardements, ou sont tellement endommagés qu'ils sont rasés après-guerre
January 1944 - May 1949 NSDAP-led military and mass murder, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Anfang Januar 1944 übernahm Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel das Kommando über alle deutschen Truppen nördlich der Loire, zwischen ihm und Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt kam es nach wie vor bloß zu Meinungsverschiedenheiten hinsichtlich der Frage, wo die alliierte Invasion stattfinden und wie man sie am effektivsten bekämpfen könnte, im März 1944 unterzeichnete GFM Rommel eine Loyalitätserklärung gegenüber Hitler, im Juni 1944, nach der D-Day Landung der Allierten am 6. Juni machte GFM Rommel, vom Geburtstag seiner Frau in Süddeutschland zurückkehrend, am 15. Juli deutlich, dass er einen Sieg der deutschen Truppen für unwahrscheinlich hielt, 'die Truppe kämpft allerorts heldenmütig, jedoch der ungleiche Kampf neigt dem Ende entgegen', mit anderen Worten (in menschliche Sprache übersetzt) der Massenmord befehligt und das heißt auch ausgeführt von deutschen Generalen kann noch und soll noch weitergehen, bis es vielleicht dem einen oder anderen militärisch versierten General and Massenmörder gelingt sich davonzustehlen, damit ihn die EU 2021 als Widerstandskämpfer präsentieren kann - Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt am 10.10.1941: 'Deshalb muß der Soldat für die Notwendigkeit der harten, aber gerechten Sühne am jüdischen Untermenschentum volles Verständnis haben', 'das wesentlichste Ziel des Feldzuges gegen das jüdischbolschewistische System ist die völlige Zerschlagung der Machtmittel und die Ausrottung des asiatischen Einflusses im europäischen Kulturkreis', 'hierdurch entstehen auch für die Truppe Aufgaben, die über das hergebrachte einseitige Soldatentum hinausgehen', 'der Soldat ist im Ostraum nicht nur ein Kämpfer nach den Regeln der Kriegskunst, sondern auch Träger einer unerbittlichen völkischen Idee', am 12.10.1941: 'in den rückwärtigen Gebieten ist die noch vielfach anzutreffende Sorglosigkeit und Weichheit nach dem eigentlichen Kampf nicht tragbar', und im Mai 1949: GFM Rundstedts Herzerkrankung bewog die Briten ihn 1949 aus der Gefangenschaft zu entlassen
History and timeline of 'Lyons-la-Forêt' since 936: 936 Première mention d'une résidence ducale à Lyons
1916-1922 French musician (and soldier) Maurice Ravel in 'Lyons-la-Forêt', beginning in Germany's WWI: Séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt du compositeur français Maurice Ravel, et des correspondances liées à ses séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt en août 1916 durant une courte permission alors qu'il était engagé comme soldat, de juin à septembre 1917, en septembre 1920 et d'août à septembre 1922 - La Première Guerre mondiale du 28 juillet 1914 au 11 novembre 1918 des Empires centraux l'Allemagne et l'Autriche-Hongrie, surprit Ravel en pleine composition. Dès le début du conflit, le compositeur chercha à s'engager mais, déjà exempté de service militaire en 1895 en raison de sa faible constitution (1,61 m) il fut refusé pour être 'trop léger de deux kilos'. Dès lors, l’inaction devint une torture pour Ravel. À force de démarches pour être incorporé dans l'aviation c'est finalement comme conducteur d'un camion militaire qu'il surnomma 'Adélaďde' qu'il fut envoyé près de Verdun en mars 1916. Depuis le front, tandis que plusieurs musiciens de l'arrière tombaient dans les travers du nationalisme. Plus tard, en 1917, Ravel acheva six pièces pour piano regroupées sous le titre 'Le Tombeau de Couperin' qu’il dédia à des amis tombés au front. Durement touché par ces épreuves accumulées, le musicien resta insensible aux échos de l'armistice et traversa alors une période de silence et de doute que vinrent interrompre en 1919 deux commandes cruciales, l'une de Diaghilev (La Valse) - Ravel y défigura sciemment la valse viennoise en dépeignant un 'tourbillon fantastique et fatal', évocation musicale de l'anéantissement par la guerre de la civilisation européenne qu'incarnaient les valses de Johann Strauss -, l'autre de Rouché (L'Enfant et les Sortilèges). C'était l’orchestration des célèbres 'Tableaux d'une exposition' de Moussorgski, commande de Serge Koussevitzky achevée en 1922 à Lyons-la-Forêt chez son ami Roland-Manuel, qui assit définitivement la réputation internationale de Ravel en la matière. Les Tableaux orchestrés par Ravel font partie, avec le Boléro, des śuvres françaises les plus représentées à l’étranger. - Villa 'Le Fresne' à 'Lyons-la-Forêt' où Ravel acheva la composition du 'Tombeau de Couperin' en 1917 et l'orchestration des 'Tableaux d'une Exposition' de Moussorgsky en 1922, le compositeur honoré familier de Lyons et sa fôret
Politics and regional council of the Hauts-de-France: Regional Council of the Hauts-de-France
June 2021 regional council of the Hauts-de-France elections: 13 et 20 juin 2021 élections régionales de 2021 dans les Hauts-de-France, partis et candidats
Economy of Lille: Economy of Lille
Timeline of Lille since 13th century: Timeline of Lille since 13th century
Since 1236 Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille: Since 1236 Hospice Comtesse or Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille
Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945: Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945
1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS: 1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS, life under the occupation
Timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages: History and timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages
Since early 'modern' ages wars targeting St. Quentin: Wars targeting St. Quentin, including the Battle of St. Quentin (1557), Savoy-Spanish victory over the French in the Habsburg-Valois Wars, Battle of St. Quentin (1871), during the Franco-Prussian War, Battle of St. Quentin (1914), also known as the Battle of Guise, between French and invading German empire's forces, Battle of St. Quentin (1918), part of the 'German Spring Offensive' Operation Michael, Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, attack at Mont St. Quentin near Péronne by the Australian Corps in August 1918, Battle of the Canal du Nord September 1918, Battle of St Quentin Canal, attack by the British Fourth Army on the Hindenburg Line in September-October 1918, ahead of German empire's defeat in November 1918, bringing the unteachable brutal empire after silencing the opposition to the even more cruel World War II
Amiens city: Amiens city and commune in northern France, located 120km north of Paris and 100km south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in the region of Hauts-de-France. In 2021, the population of Amiens was 135,429 citizens. A central landmark of the city is Amiens Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral in France. The town was fought over during both German empire's World Wars, suffering significant damage, and was repeatedly occupied by both sides. The 1918 Battle of Amiens was the opening phase of the Hundred Days Offensive which directly led to the Armistice with Germany. The Royal Air Force heavily bombed the town during the Second World War, the invasion and German occupation also of France since 1940. In the aftermath, the city was rebuilt according to Pierre Dufau's plans with wider streets to ease traffic congestion
20th/21st centuries history of Amiens city: 20th/21st centuries history of Amiens city
Employment in the Île-de-France region: Employment in the Île-de-France region, as in 2018 just 7.2% of employees in the Region were engaged in industry, 62.3% were engaged in commerce and market services, 25.5% in non-market services, including government, health and education, 4.8% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture, as the largest non-government employers in the Region in 2015 were the airline Air France (40,657), French Railways SNCF (31,955), the telecom firm Orange S.A. (31,497), the bank Société Générale (27,361), the automotive firm Groupe PSA (19,648), EDF Electricité de France EDF (18,199), and Renault (18,136), while - after the 'Petite Couronne' (departments closest to Paris) previously employed the most industrial workers - the largest number is now in the 'Grande Couronne' of the Republic's capital, the outer departments
Paris city, Paris Metropolitan Area and Île-de-France: Paris city, capital and most populous city of France - Paris Metropolitan Area - History of Paris
Timeline of Paris: Timeline of Paris
58–50BC Parisii started burning down their own towns assaulted by the brutal 'Roman empire' and conquest: 58–50BC during the Roman empire's military campaigns against numerous Gallic tribes, when the Romans under Caesar entered Parisii's territory, the assaulted Parisii started burning down their own towns for they were willing to give up these possessions rather than have them taken by the brutal Romans, and in 52 BC, in concert with the Suessiones, the Parisii participated in the general rising of Vercingetorix against Caesar's imperial forces - 52BC Battle of 'Lutetia', a battle on the plain of Grenelle in what is now Paris between Roman empire forces and an anti-Roman Gallic coalition during the so-called Gallic Wars, ending with a Roman victory - September 52BC siege and battle of Alesia, a military conquest engagement by the Roman empire around the Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement) of Mandubii tribe's Alesia, against a defensive confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni, the last major engagement between Gauls and Romans, destroying the Gallic land and establishing Roman dominance in Gaul for the next 500 years, then continued by a defeated people forced to speak the brutal conqueror's language, establishing a military history of France including conquests, slavery and a 'French empire'
Since 1970s terrorist attacks and 15 July 1983 Orly Airport Armenian bombing: 14 November 2015: The 1970s saw a series of bombing and shooting attacks, mainly in Paris, linked to crises in the Middle East, as they continued into the 1980s, including a deadly bombing of Orly Airport by an Armenian Secret Army in which eight people died, and as Islamist-linked attacks began in earnest in that decade, with 5 bombings attributed to the Lebanese Shi'ite Muslim militant group Hezbollah - 15 July 1983 Orly Airport bombing of a Turkish Airlines check-in counter at Orly Airport in Paris, by the Armenian terrorist organization ASALA as part of its campaign for the recognition of and reparations for the Armenian Genocide, as 3 people were killed immediately in the blast and another 5 died in hospital, 4 of the victims were French, 2 were Turkish, one was Greek-American, and one was Swedish, as the death toll made the Orly bombing the bloodiest attack in France since the end of the Algerian War in 1962
29 May 2017 new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin in the Palace of Versailles: 29 May 2017 in the Palace of Versailles, new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin
March 2018 protest against the stabbing of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll: 27 March 2018: Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo, actitivsts and politicians call for all the city's residents to march Wednesday in memory of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death in an apparent anti-Semitic attack, as politicians across the political spectrum pledge to attend - 28 March 2018: Several thousand people took part in a silent march in Paris on Wednesday and in other large French cities including Lyon, Marseille and Strasbourg in memory of Mireille Knoll who survived the Holocaust but was stabbed to death last week, in what is being investigated as an antisemitic attack, raising questions about France’s failure to tackle resurgent antisemitism after in 2017 Orthodox Jewish Sarah Halimi was beaten and thrown out of the window of her home in Paris
Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area and Grand Paris: Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area, a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris and its surrounding suburbs - Since 2016 Métropole du Grand Paris, an administrative structure for cooperation covering the City of Paris and its nearest surrounding suburbs, comprising 131 communes, including the City of Paris, all 123 communes in the surrounding inner-suburban departments of the Petite Couronne (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in two of the outer-suburban departments, including the communes of Argenteuil in Val-d'Oise, and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, the latter of which covers part of Orly Airport, as Grand Paris today covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 7 million citizens
131 communes of Grand Paris: 131 communes of Grand Paris in 2021
Val-de-Marne department: Val-de-Marne department named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region southeast of the city of Paris and in the Grand Paris - Marne river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris and 514 kilometres long - The Marne in European history, navigable as a free-flowing river until the 19th century, as canalisation was started in 1837 and 1867 including a number of canals to bypass the most extravagant meanders, and as in German empire's aggression since July/August 1914 and Central Powers World War I 1914-1918 the Marne was the scene of two notable battles, including the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914 as the military governor of Paris Joseph Gallieni took the initiative in driving the Germans back from the capital, rendering their war-plan inoperative but without bringing the Social Democratic Party of Germany led by Ebert to change its misanthropic policy, as in the Second Battle of the Marne July-August 1918 the last major German offensive on the Western Front was defeated by an Allied counter-attack, leading eventually to the Armistice in November, in Germany to an uprising against German warmongers - including the emperor and Ebert - followed by the murder of scientists and peace fighters, continuing more and more organized by the NSDAP until World War II and renewed German empire's war crimes by perpetrators partially already active in World War I, including 'Oberleutnant' E. Wagner in World War I, 'quartermaster-general' in World War II, and Erwin Rommel, highly decorated officer in World War I including for the use of chemical weapons, later 'field marshal' in the armed forces of NSDAP ruled German empire during World War II, even returning to countries (France, Italy) of former German crime scenes
Politics of Val-de-Marne department: Politics of Val-de-Marne department
Art in Vincennes: Art and Vincennes porcelain
Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt: Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt
Timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages: History and timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages


17th-20th century history of Obernai's Jewish community: Geschichte der jüdischen Gemeinde vom 17. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert in Obernai
Tours city: Tours city in north-central France located on the river Loire, one of the largest cities in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France, and is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 citizens in 2018 while the population of the whole metropolitan area was 516,973 inhabitants. Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast, possesses one of the largest amphitheaters of the Roman Empire, the Tours Amphitheatre, and is also known for the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. The city keeps a historical center registered in the UNESCO, and is home to the Vieux-Tours, a patrimonial site. The garden city has a green heritage and an urban landscape strongly influenced by its natural space. The historic city that is nicknamed 'Le Petit Paris' and its region by its history and culture has always been a land of birth or host to many personalities, international sporting events, and is a university city with more than 30,000 students in 2019.
Rhône river: Rhône river, one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the Rhône Glacier in the Swiss Alps, passing through Lake Geneva and running through southeastern France
7 May 2023 modern humans needed three tries to colonise Europe, according to research of Rhone valley caves: 7 May 2023: It took three separate waves of modern humans to colonise Europe between 54,000 and 42,000 years ago. That is the key conclusion of scientists who have been studying caves in the Rhone valley where they have discovered evidence that Homo sapiens had to make a trio of determined attempts to head westwards and northwards from western Asia before they could establish themselves in the continent. 'The first two of these waves failed but the third succeeded around 42,000 years ago', said Ludovic Slimak of the University of Toulouse, who is leading the excavations in France. 'After that, modern humans took over in Europe. The Neanderthals, who had evolved on the continent, died out.'
Politics and regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes: Politics and since 2015/2016 regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Economy of Lyon: Economy of Lyon
1900-1944 in Lyon: 1900-1944 in Lyon
Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis: Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis
History of Annecy: History of Annecy
Timeline of Grenoble: Timeline of Grenoble since 43 BCE
Economy of Vichy: Economy of Vichy
Since June 1940 Vichy France and the survival of the French colonial empire: Since June 1940 Vichy France, seat of the French State and then the pro-German collaborationist government, as the zone not occupied by the Germans took the name of the French State, set up its capital in Vichy on 1 July because it was the city with the second largest hotel capacity at the time and a modern telephone exchange, enabling the government and 600 members of the French Parliament to meet in July in the main auditorium of the Opera House, voting for the end of the 'Third Republic', followed by Philippe Pétain as 'Head of State', as only 80 of the 600 members of Parliament voiced their opposition, and Vichy could and would be, for more than four years, the de facto capital of the French State and especially the French colonial empire - 1940-1944 Vichy France headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, first an independent ally of Nazi Germany until late 1942 when foreign Nazi regime took full control, now together remaining responsible for the administration of France as well as its colonies
Demographics of Marseille: Population and demographics of Marseille
Economy of Marseille: Economy of Marseille
11 November 2019 mothers call on Macron to use gangland profits to revive communities: 11 November 2019: Marseille's mothers call on Macron to use gangland profits to revive communities
Timeline of Marseille: Timeline of Marseille
20/27 June 2021 regional elections in Marseille: 20/27 juin 2021 élections départementales à Marseille
Alpes-Maritimes department of France located in the country's southeast corner: Alpes-Maritimes department of France located in the country's southeast corner, on the Italian border and Mediterranean coast. Part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, it encompasses the French Riviera alongside neighbouring Var, with a a population of 1,083,310 citizens in 2017. Its prefecture and largest city is Nice. Alpes-Maritimes has become one of the world's most attractive tourist destinations since 20th century, featuring renowned cities and towns such as Nice, Grasse, Cannes, Antibes, Menton, Èze, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin and Sainte-Agnès, as well as numerous alpine ski resorts. It also entirely surrounds the Principality of Monaco, significant for French public finances. Alpes-Maritimes is one of France's most backward looking departments, as the majority led by The Republicans in the departmental council holds all but two of the 54 seats following the 2021 election
History and timeline of Cannes: History and timeline of Cannes
25 mai 2022 soutien au peuple ukrainien au Festival de Cannes 2022: 25 mai 2022: 'Butterfly Vision', le nouveau film ukrainien présenté cette année à Cannes, s'est vu offrir un traitement de faveur avec l'organisation d’une manifestation autorisée contre la guerre en Ukraine. Le film de Maksym Nakonechnyi raconte le retour d'une femme soldat auprès de sa famille après avoir été emprisonnée et torturée par les forces séparatistes du Donbass, et le Festival de Cannes avait donné son autorisation pour qu'une manifestation politique contre la guerre en Ukraine soit organisée lors de la montée des marches. Une protestation silencieuse au cours de laquelle l'équipe du film a déroulé une grande banderole noire, dévoilant le message: 'Les Russes tuent des Ukrainiens. Trouvez-vous qu'il est offensant et dérangeant de parler de génocide?' À la fin de la séance, le public a longuement ovationné l'équipe du film, présente dans la salle. Derrière eux, des drapeaux ukrainiens ont été brandis en soutien.
Economy, port and tourism in Nice: Economy, port and tourism in Nice
1543 Siege of Nice by Turkish forces: August 1543 Siege of Nice by Turkish forces
1914-1918 Première Guerre mondiale, l’entre-deux-guerres, 1939-1915 Seconde Guerre mondiale et 'Gestapo': 1914-1918 Première Guerre mondiale, l’entre-deux-guerres, et 1939-1915 Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le 10 juin 1940, la déclaration de guerre de l'Italie contre la France provoque l'arrestation des fascistes italiens qui habitent à Nice. À la suite de la signature de l'armistice du 22 juin 1940, le maire de Nice Jean Médecin se rallie au maréchal Pétain. Des agressions antisémites ont lieu en juillet 1941 et en mai, juin et septembre 1942. Le gouvernement Laval déclenche une rafle de Juifs étrangers le 26 août 1942. 655 personnes sont arrêtés et internées à la caserne Auvare. 560 d'entre elles sont déportées à Auschwitz via Drancy, le 31 août 1942. Les premiers groupes de résistance sont constitués dès septembre 1940, au lycée de garçons (lycée Masséna). Les premières actions ont lieu en 1942. Le 14 juillet 1942, une manifestation réunit plusieurs centaines de personnes place Masséna. La Résistance se poursuit. Le 14 juillet 1943, une manifestation d'un millier de personnes a lieu avenue de la Victoire et place Masséna. Sur la pression des autorités occupantes, Jean Médecin quitte la ville le 27 juillet 1943. La capitulation de l'Italie, en septembre 1943, marque la fin de l'occupation italienne, mais le début de l'occupation allemande, particulièrement brutale. La Gestapo exécute ou torture à mort 32 résistants, dont 23 sont fusillés à L'Ariane, les 22 juillet 1944 et le 15 août 1944. Elle déporte également 390 résistants et otages vers les camps de concentration. Jean Médecin, pour sa part, est interné le 28 juin 1944 à Belfort mais échappe à la déportation contrairement à son ami Charles Buchet. Le 7 juillet 1944 enfin, la Gestapo procède à la pendaison publique de deux résistants membres des FTP Francs-Tireurs et Partisans. Le succès du débarquement de Provence provoque le repli des troupes nazies vers la frontière italienne. Les résistants lancent une grande insurrection, le 28 août 1944. Les nazis abandonnent la ville.
Since 2011 Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur: Since 2011 Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur
History and timeline of Toulouse: History of Toulouse
Since 1160 timeline of Montpellier: Timeline of Montpellier since 1160
Timeline of Nantes: Timeline of Nantes
Economy of Saint-Nazaire: Economy of Saint-Nazaire
Timeline of Saint-Nazaire since antiquity: History and timeline of Saint-Nazaire since antiquity
Timeline of Angers since 4th century: Timeline of Angers since 4th century
Nouvelle-Aquitaine region: Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, the largest administrative region in France spanning the west and southwest of the mainland, created by the territorial reform of French regions in 2014 through the merger of three regions Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. It has 5,956,978 inhabitants (municipal population on 1 January 2017). Its prefecture and largest city, Bordeaux, together with its suburbs and satellite cities, forms the seventh-largest metropolitan area of France, with 850,000 inhabitants. The region has 25 major urban areas, among which the most important after Bordeaux are Bayonne (288,000 inhabitants), Limoges (283,000), Poitiers (255,000), Pau (241,000) and La Rochelle (206,000), as well as eleven major clusters. The growth of its population, particularly marked on the coast, makes this one of the most attractive areas economically in France. The new region outperforms Île-de-France and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in demographic dynamism - Aquitaine
July 2022 France's south-west Atlantic coast wildfires: 16 July 2022: Near France's south-west Atlantic coast, a local resident described France's fires - part of North African and European forest fires - as feeling 'post-apocalyptic'. 'I've never seen this before', Karyn who lives near Teste-de-Buch told news agency AFP. The fire there and another just south of Bordeaux have ravaged nearly 10,000 hectares. Some 3,000 firefighters are tackling the blazes. Christophe Nader and his family are now at a shelter near Teste-de-Buch, having fled their house in the village of Cazaux with nothing more than the clothes they are wearing. He told the BBC he was hoping to get back there to rescue their cat. Hundreds of others from the danger zone are also at the temporary shelter, which has provided beds. Animal rescues are being organised from there, but it is a slow process, the BBC's Jessica Parker reports.
Timeline of Bordeaux: Timeline of Bordeaux
12 June 2020 noting colonial past France's Bordeaux adds info plaques to slave trader street signs: 12 June 2020: As statues of slave traders and colonial figures tumble worldwide in a wave of anger against racism, and as some local French authorities remove monuments of racist figures and rename streets honoring them - after protesters against police brutality and racism in the wake of African American George Floyd’s killing by a white police officer, after Bordeaux was France’s second largest slave port, prospered off the lucrative trade, deporting 150,000 African slaves to the Americas from 1672 to 1837 and providing Europe with goods - have toppled statues of colonial figures in Britain, Belgium and the USA, Bordeaux is instead trying to inform the public of their 'complicated' pasts, indead complicated due to French colonial history and crimes against human rights
Demographics, education and health in Bayonne: Demography, education and health in Bayonne
Economy of Bayonne: Economy of Bayonne
History of Bayonne since ancient times: History of Bayonne since ancient times (prehistory)
Demographics of France: Demographics of France
Ethnic groups in France: Ethnic groups in France
French people by ethnic or national origin: French people - French people by ethnic or national origin
Jews and Judaism in France and history: Jews and Judaism in France - History of the Jews in France
Since 1007 persecutions of Jews in the Kingdom of France: Since 1007 widespread persecutions of Jews in France instigated by the King of France
Since 1799/1804 Napoleon Bonaparte's 'First French Empire' and the Jews in France: Since 1799/1804 Napoleon Bonaparte's 'First French Empire' and the Jews in France
African immigration to France: African immigration to France
2013-2015: 15 October: Roma in France get access to more jobs (increased from 150 to 291) - 29 January 2013: A group of Roma children near Lyon have been forced to attend classes at a police station after local schools refused to take them in - 3 avril: Expulsés d'un terrain près de Lyon, une cinquantaine de Roms attaquent la préfecture du Rhône en justice pour la contraindre à leur trouver un hébergement d'urgence - 13 mai: Deux femmes et un enfant ont péri dans la nuit dans l'incendie d'une usine désaffectée de Lyon dans lequel vivaient environ 200 Roms - 23 July 2013: French MP Bourdouleix faces legal action after he allegedly said 'Hitler didn't kill enough of' the Roma people - 17 octobre: L'expulsion du pays de Leonarda, une collégienne rom kosovare, a mis de nouveau au jour les dissensions au sein de la majorité, y compris dans le gouvernement - 14 novembre: Jean-Marie Le Pen condamné pour ses propos selon lesquels 'comme les oiseaux', les Roms voleraient 'naturellement' - 4 January 2015: Outrage as Leclerc, mayor of Paris suburb Champlan, refuses burial of Roma baby
2016: 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 13 février 2016: Le Premier ministre français Valls ne veut pas aller plus loin que le quota de 30'000 réfugiés en France et a d'ailleurs rencontré CSU Horst Seehofer, l'une de ces voix critiques parmi les alliés de la chancelière allemande - 13 February 2016: French PM Valls rejects permanent quota system for refugees, saying 'We won't take any more' - 28 February 2016: The first purpose-built camp in France to provide proper, humanitarian-standard shelter to refugees who are currently sleeping rough is to open near the port of Dunkirk next month, after the local Green mayor Damien Carême approached Médecins sans Frontières and asked the organisation to construct temporary shelters, saying he was exasperated by what he deemed to be the inaction of the French Socialist government
2018: 8 janvier 2018: La France a enregistré un niveau 'historique' de demandes d'asile en 2017, alors que le gouvernement prépare une loi sur l'immigration déjà à l'origine de débats animés - 11 January 2018: Anger grows at French president over migration law plans, sharing close views with Austria's Kurz on European issues including migration - 17 January 2018: NGOs accuse Macron, who campaigned for president last year as a champion of open borders, of betraying France’s long tradition of offering sanctuary, also accusing the police in Calais of trying to drive out migrants by 'exhaustion' - 24 mars 2018: Une migrante nigériane, qui a souhaité finir sa grossesse auprès de sa soeur en France mais était bloqué par les gendarmes français qui l'ont juste déposée en pleine nuit devant la gare de Bardonnecchia, est morte la semaine dernière dans un hôpital de Turin, son bébé Israel est né par césarienne juste avant
Statistics of the nine most prominent mother tongues in France: Statistics of the nine most prominent mother tongues in France
Language policy in France: Language policy in France - French literature
Architecture and arts in France: Architecture in France - Arts in France - French literature
Music of France: Music of France
Music history of France: French music history
Women and women's rights in France: Women in France - Women's rights in France
1791 Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen 1791
Islamic dress controversy in France: Islamic dress controversy in France
Violence against women in France: Violence against women in France
Protection de l'enfance en France: Protection de l'enfance en France
Colleges and universities in France: Universities and colleges in France
Science and technology in France: Science and technology in France
Health in France: Health in France
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in France: Medical outbreaks in France - Health disasters in France
Timeline of the 2020 covid-19 pandemic in France and situation by region: Timeline of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in France by region
14 July 2021 France’s new health pass rules raise questions as many scramble to adapt: 14 July 2021: France’s new health pass rules raise questions as many scramble to adapt
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Overseas France: Medical outbreaks in Overseas France - Health disasters in Overseas France
1960-1996 French nuclear weapons testing in Algeria and Polynesia: Since 1960 French nuclear weapons testing in French colonies
2020 covid-19 pandemic in Overseas France: 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Overseas France
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe
8 April 2020 Guadeloupe reports 141 covid-19 cases and 8 deaths: 8 April 2020: Guadeloupe reports 141 covid-19 cases, 8 deaths, and 43 recovered
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Guiana: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Guiana
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Martinique: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Martinique
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Mayotte: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Mayotte
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in New Caledonia: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in New Caledonia
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Polynesia: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Polynesia
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Réunion: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Réunion
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Saint Martin: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Saint Martin
8 April 2020 Saint Martin reports 32 covid-19 cases and 2 deaths: 8 April 2020: Saint Martin reports 32 covid-19 cases, 2 deaths, and 11 recovered
Since April 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Since April 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Timeline of healthcare in France: Timeline of healthcare in France
Athletics, swimming, water sports, skiing and gymnastics in France: Athletics in France - Swimming in France - Water sports in France - Sailing in France - Skiing in France - Gymnastics in France
Handball, basketball, ice hockey and tennis in France: Handball in France - Basketball in France - Volleyball in France - Ice hockey in France - Tennis in France
2016: 9-11 June 2016 Marseille riots before and after UEFA Euro 2016 football match between England and Russia - 11/12 June 2016: Reports from Marseille suggest an England supporter is fighting for his life after an attack from Russian fans ahead of their Euro 2016 match on Saturday evening - 12 June 2016: Violence in Nice as Northern Ireland and Poland fans attacked by local hooligans - 12 June 2016: Russian hooligans reportedly approached the violence, which occurred before and after England’s opening Euro 2016 game in Marseille, with 'military organisation', well equipped and disguised, as Uefa opens disciplinary proceedings against Russia’s football union - 13 June 2016: German hooligans attack Ukraine fans in Lille also showing fascist symbolism at UEFA Euro 2016 - 13 June 2016: Notorious far-right activist Alexander Shprygin who has been photographed giving a Nazi salute is travelling with the official Russian FA delegation at Euro 2016 and was in Marseille at the weekend as clashes erupted between Russian and English fans - 14 June: Russia handed suspended '2016 UEFA European Football Championship' disqualification, confirmed by UEFA - 16 June: Dozens arrested in Lille after England and Russia foot supporters clash and more people are hospitalised - 18 June: Senior UK government officials fear the violence unleashed by Russian hooligans at Euro 2016 was sanctioned by Vladimir Putin’s regime and are investigating links with his regime as a significant number of those involved in savage and highly coordinated attacks on England fans and others in Marseille and Lille have been identified as being in the 'uniformed services' in Russia
Cycling and cycle racing in France: Cycling in France - Cycle racing in France
Hate speech laws in France: Hate speech laws in France
History of French journalism: History of French journalism
Since 1789 newspapers of the French Revolution: List of journals appearing under the French Revolution
Newspapers in France: Newspapers in France
Internet in France: Internet in France
Internet censorship in France: Internet censorship in France
2013 censorship of Wikipedia in France: 2013 censorship of Wikipedia in France
Internet technology companies of France: Internet technology companies of France
Internet service providers of France: Internet service providers of France
Telecommunications in France: Telecommunications in France
Crime in France: Crime in France
French war crimes: French war crimes
Since 1799 Napoleonic wars, casualties and war crimes: 1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars, total war, millions of Napoleonic wars casualties, leading to an ongoing period of restoration, reaction, nationalism and chauvinism worldwide - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior' - 25. Januar 2006: Daß Napoleon Bonaparte ein überzeugter Rassist war, der schwarze Franzosen vergasen ließ, rüttelt an den Grundfesten der 'Grande Nation' der französischen Kolonialherren
Since 1930/1931 and since 1945 French use of torture in Vietnam: French Army practiced torture during its Indochina War in Vietnam since 1945
Antisemitism in France: Antisemitism in France
1940-1944 Vichy France, French Nazi collaborators and history of Jews in Vichy France: Vichy France 1940-1944 - French collaborators with Nazi Germany - French Nazi collaborators - Histoire des Juifs sous le régime de Vichy
Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps: Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps
Since 1958 history of fascist and neo-Nazi movements in France's fifth republic: Since 1958 history of fascist and neo-Nazi movements in France's fifth republic
2014 French payment of $60 million for Holocaust victims deported by state rail company: 5 December 2014: France to pay $60 million for Holocaust victims deported by state rail company to Nazi death camps
2017 Céline praised by Emmanuel Macron: 31. Dezember 2017: Von Louis-Ferdinand Céline, so Emmanuel Macron im Interview mit Michel Houellebecq im Mai 2017, könne man lernen, die Sorgen des 'Mannes auf der Straße' ernstzunehmen, Macron erwähnt allerdings nicht, daß Céline in seinen Schriften 'dem Mann auf der Straße' den Nationalsozialismus empfiehlt und z.B. Ernst Jünger auffordert mit seiner Kompanie die Juden abzuschlachten 'und keinen übrig zu lassen' - In his 1937 antisemitic pamphlet 'Bagatelles pour un massacre' Céline campaigned for an alliance between France and Nazi Germany, writing 'Who is the true friend of the people? Fascism is. Who has done the most for the working man? The USSR or Hitler? Hitler has. Who has done the most for the small businessman? Not Thorez but Hitler
Holocaust denial in France: Holocaust denial in France
France's 'National Front': France's 'National Front'
Racism and Antisemitism in 21st-century France: Antisemitism in 21st-century France
2015: 7 January 2015: Unidentified individuals started a fire inside a synagogue in Garges near Paris and drew a swastika on its wall - January 2015 Hypercacher terrorist attack in Paris - 3 February 2015: Anti-terror patrol soldiers stabbed outside Jewish cultural center in Nice - 15 February 2015: Several hundred tombs desecrated with Nazi swastikas and anti-Semitic slogans at the Jewish cemetery of Sarre-Union near the German border a day after a deadly shooting at Copenhagen synagogue - 19 February 2015: The French are becoming more racist and intolerant towards ethnic and religious minorities including both Muslims and Jews, according to a Council of Europe report this week - 28 February 2015: Paris killer asked victims if they were Jewish before firing, transcript shows - 10 April: After defending Petain's cooperation with Nazi Germany and his past comment that Nazi gas chambers were a 'detail of history', France's National Front founder Le Pen rebuffs daughter's call to quit - 27 April 2015: Front National founder Jean-Marie Le Pen allegedly kept €2.2m in hidden Swiss bank account - 2 May 2015: Two Jewish residents of Paris were assaulted on the street Friday by a gang of about 40 people - 25 November 2015: A Belgian court finds French Dieudonne guilty of hate speech, incitement to hatred and Holocaust denial
March 2018 murder of Mireille Knoll: 23 March 2018 murder of Mireille Knoll, officially described as a hate crime - 25 March 2018: Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll’s body found burnt, stabbed in Paris apartment, who had previously reported that a neighbor threatened to burn her, according to BNVCA and French media - 26 mars 2018: Deux hommes ont été placés en garde à vue et le parquet de Paris a retenu le caractère antisémite dans l’enquête sur le meurtre de Mireille Knoll, qui avait rescapée de la rafle des Juifs du Vel d’Hiv’ de juillet 1942 en s’enfuyant de Paris avec sa mère - 27 March 2018: Family members of Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death and set on fire in her Paris apartment, told Israeli media she had known one of her assailants, a Muslim neighbor, since he was seven years old, as police admits that Mireille Knoll had previously called police and complained that the neighbor had threatened to kill her
Toulouse and Montauban shootings March 2012: March 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings - 20 March 2012: Police say same gun and scooter used in attack on Jewish school in Toulouse that left four dead and soldier shootings - 20. März 2012: Tausende an Schweigemarsch in Paris nach den tödlichen Schüssen in einer jüdischen Schule in Toulouse - 21 mars: Opération en cours contre le suspect de la tuerie de Toulouse - 22 March: Siege of alleged gunman in Toulouse enters second day - 22 March: French gunman who shot dead 3 Jewish children killed in siege in Toulouse - 25 March 2012: Several thousand people have marched silently through Paris urging unity and tolerance of all religions and cultures after deadly shootings of Jewish schoolchildren - 28 March: Vigilance call after French Jews hit by new attacks
Clément Méric assassiné le 5 juin 2013: Clément Méric, membre de l’Action antifasciste, assassiné à Paris, le 5 juin 2013 - 6 juin 2013: Agressé par un groupe de plusieurs militants d'extrême droite JNR, le militant du Parti de Gauche Clément Méric en état de mort cérébrale - 6 juin 2013: Clément Méric, le militant antifasciste agressé par des skinheads, est mort - 8 June: Five skinheads to face court after assassination of Clement Meric - 14 September 2018: Two skinheads convicted over 2013 death of anti-fascist activist Clement Méric, as Méric’s mother Agnes says 'what is needed is to continue to fight against the breeding grounds of the extreme right', and several hundred anti-fascists gathered in Paris for the verdict, chanting 'Clement! Clement! We do not forget, we do not forgive'
January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks in Paris and aftermath: January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack in Paris - January 2015 Île-de-France attacks - January 2015 killing of police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe in Paris - January 2015 Hypercacher terrorist attack in Paris - Worldwide protests against the terror attacks in Paris, 'Je suis Charlie' solidarity movement with the victims and reactions of governments to the terror attacks - 7 January: Worldwide vigils as French authorities seek terrorists who stormed the Paris office of satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, killing 12 people - 8 January: Arrests made as police hunt for suspects of Charlie Hebdo shooting - 9 January: France to host international 'anti-terrorism' meeting in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo massacre in Paris - 9 January: Search for terrorists continues as Charlie Hebdo announces to print 1 million copies next week - 10 January: Two hostage standoffs end with four hostages killed in Paris kosher grocery, three terrorists dead and four more hostages badly hurt - 12 February 2015: 'Islamic State' terror group confirms widow of Paris kosher grocery shooter in Syria - 9 March 2015: Four people including a policewoman arrested over suspected links to Paris kosher market terrorist - 7 January 2020: France commemorated the fifth anniversary of the extremist attack on Charlie Hebdo that killed nine of its editorial staff, a guard, a visitor to the building and a patrol officer in the street outside, as the killers were a pair of French brothers, claiming the attack was revenge for caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad
13/14 November 2015 Paris attacks: 13/14 November 2015 Paris attacks, a series of shootings and explosions in and around Paris - 14 Novemer 2015: Gunmen kill at least 120 people in terror attacks in Paris, injuring some 200 people - 15 November: French national suicide bomber Ismael Omar Mostefai in Paris attacks identified, who had been flagged as a possible security threat in 2010, as investigation spreads across Europe - 16 November: French police carry out raids as investigations across borders continue - 17 November: France calls for EU help following Paris attacks - 18 November: Police in St-Denis arresting suspects, two suspects dead in ongoing raid, including a woman who detonated an explosive device - 19 November: Raids in Brussels linked to Stade de France suicide bomber as latest evidence points to wider conspiracy of primarily young Europeans - 20 November: Three people died during the Wednesday night raid in St-Denis, where the alleged ringleader of the Paris attacks Abaaoud was killed, prosecutor says - 21 November: Raids and Paris attacks investigations across borders continue as three suspects arrested in Turkey - 23 November: UK's Cameron visits Paris offering support, also offering French use of RAF Cyprus base for attacks against IS terrorists - 24 November: 'Belt of explosives' found south of Paris in town of Montrouge
July 2016: 14 July 2016 terrorist attack in Nice - 15 July 2016: 84 people were killed and about 100 more injured when a suspected armed French-Tunisian man drove a truck at full speed into a crowd who had gathered to watch the Bastille Day fireworks in Nice - 15 July 2016: After attack in Nice France mourns and investigates again - International reactions to the 14 July 2016 terrorist attack in Nice - 17 juillet: Un feu d'artifice tiré dans la nuit depuis le Grand hôtel de Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat 48 heures après l'attentat commis sur la Promenade des Anglais, a suscité une vague d'indignation sur Twitter - 21 juillet 2016: L'enquête sur la tuerie du 14-juillet à Nice révèle une préparation ancienne et des complicités multiples - 22 July 2016: Five suspects formally charged over Bastille day's truck attack in Nice that killed 84 people - 22 July: Authorities in Nice refuse a request from French anti-terror police to delete surveillance camera images of Bastille day's deadly truck attack, amid growing questions over the scale of the police presence at the time and after interior minister Cazeneuve acknowledged that only lightly armed local police were guarding the entrance to the pedestrian zone on the Nice beachfront
26 September 2020 interior minister admits stabbing attack suspect not on police radar for Islamic radicalization: 25 September 2020: Paris stabbing terrorism 'little doubt', as suspect detained for new attack near Charlie Hebdo site wasn’t on police’s radar, despite suspect of the double stabbing outside the former Paris offices of the satirical newspaper, where a dozen people were killed in 2015, was arrested a month ago for carrying a screwdriver but not on police radar for Islamic radicalization, France’s interior minister admits - 26 September 2020: France ups security at synagogues in wake of Paris attack, as special protection ordered for Yom Kippur after stabbing during trial over 2015 attack on Charlie Hebdo and kosher market - 26 September 2020: Suspect in new Charlie Hebdo attack angered by republished cartoons, say Paris police
Police violence and abuses in France: Police abuses in France
1961 Paris massacre: Paris massacre of 1961
Riots in France: Riots in France
June 2016 UEFA Euro riots in France: UEFA Euro 2016 riots in France
Since August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following anti-Semitic attack: Since 28 August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following the 9 August 1982 terrorist attack in Paris, when a secret police anti-terrorist cell established by president François Mitterrand arrested three Irish nationals in Vincennes, proudly proclaiming a victory against 'international terrorism', until in 1983 the case fell apart and the suspects were exonerated when it was revealed that weapons and other evidence used against the three had been planted by the arresting officers, who then lied to the courts with the support of the executive - 9 August 1982 Goldenberg restaurant attack, a bombing and shooting attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris's Marais district carried out by the Abu Nidal Organization - 17 June 2015: Suspects, including the mastermind al-Abassi of the 1982 bomb attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris, were identified 32 years later thanks to statements from Abu Nidal group members to whom French judges guaranteed anonymity - 9 August 2019: Families of the victims of the 1982 terrorist attack on Paris’ Jewish quarter and Jo Goldenberg’s restaurant are demanding a parliamentary inquiry into an alleged secret pact of French intelligence with the perpetrators, after ex-French spy chief Yves Bonnet now, in 2019, admitted the 1980s pact with Fatah terrorists
Accusation d’emplois fictifs au MoDem, le Mouvement démocrate de François Bayrou - 8 juin 2017: L'affaire des collaborateurs de députés du Parlement européen contamine de plus en plus les alliés centristes de l'entourage de Macron - 9 juin 2017: Une dizaine de salariés du MoDem ont également été employés par des eurodéputés MoDem et rémunérés comme assistants parlementaires, dont deux ministres en exercice, selon Franceinfo - 20 June 2017: French defence minister Sylvie Goulard, who is second minister to go in 24 hours, steps down over allegations her MoDem party misused European funds - 21 June 2017: Two more ministers quit Macron administration amid funding inquiry, bringing the number of ministers to leave to four - François Bayrou, Marielle de Sarnez, Richard Ferrand and Sylvie Goulard - in just 48 hours
Violence against women and rape in France: Violence against women in France - Viol en France
Child abuse and sexual abuse in France: Child abuse in France - Child sexual abuse in France
Judiciary of France: Judiciary of France
Law enforcement in France: Law enforcement in France
Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes: Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes
National Police and National Gendarmerie of France: National Police (France) - National Gendarmerie
Wars involving France: Wars involving France
Resistance to the French colonial empire: Resistance to the French colonial empire
France/Comoros relations: France/Comoros relations
1841-1975 French colonial rule of the Comoros: 1841-1975 French colonial rule of the Comoros
22 May 2023 French authorities begin demolition of vast Mayotte shantytown: 22 May 2023: French authorities on the French Indian Ocean island of Mayotte on Monday began demolishing homes in a large slum in an operation against sub-standard housing and illegal migration, as diggers started destroying Majicavo slum at early Monday morning as part of Operation Wuambushu, 'Take Back' in the local language. The affected families on Sunday began picking their precious belongings in anticipation of Monday’s demolition by the authorities. Some families lamented the government for taking such a decision without prior consideration of their financial status to relocate. 'Talus 2' shantytown resident Fatima Youssouf said 'I have been working since 2001, until now I have never stopped working. I am one of the hard working women in this world to raise my seven children. I work and contribute like everyone else. And today I'm being taken out as, I don't know .... I pay my taxes, I pay my dues when I have to, I contribute like everyone else', 'africanews' reports.
1793 slave rebellion in Guadeloupe: 1793 slave rebellion in Guadeloupe
20th–21st centuries history of Guadeloupe islands: 20th–21st centuries history of Guadeloupe islands
23 November 2021 unrest continues in Guadeloupe, violence in Martinique: 23 novembre 2021: Le couvre-feu prolongé en Guadeloupe, des policiers visés par des tirs en Martinique
History of Martinique: History of Martinique
French Polynesia: French Polynesia
Réunion: Réunion
Treaties of France: Treaties of France
French membership in international organisations: French membership in international organisations
Since 1945 France and the United Nations: France and the United Nations
France and NATO: France and NATO
Since 1960s France's colonial past, world market and tensions with Nato: Since the 1960s France and USA differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because ironcally French leaders were convinced that the USA could not win, following French experience with Indochina and the Algerian War of Independence again showing it was impossible to impose by force a government over a foreign population using unacceptable methods such as torture, as tensions reappeared intermittently in the 1970s when France more strongly than any other nation saw the EU as a method of counterbalancing USA and British power, and thus works towards having the Euro, also developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO, as the USA had much closer relations with the other large European powers, and in the 1980s the two nations disagreed on the desirability of a reunified Germany, as the tried to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia through the construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline that was finally built, a controversy persisting since the always more criminal Putin regime
1966-2009 French withdrawal from NATO: 1966-2009 French withdrawal from NATO
November 2019 Macron criticised over Nato 'brain death' claims: 7 November 2019: France's Macron criticised by USA and Germany over Nato 'brain death' claims
August 2019 G7 summit in Biarritz: 24-26 August 2019 G7 summit in Biarritz
24 August 2019 G7 emergency talks over Amazon wildfires crisis: 24 August 2019: G7 leaders to hold emergency talks over Amazon wildfires crisis
Foreign relations of France by continent and country: Foreign relations of France by continent - Bilateral relations of France
France/Africa relations: France/Africa relations
July/August 2020 France continues to exploit African countries with unfair obligations: 7 July 2020: Seeing since the 1960s that the fight for independence was inevitable, France decided to grant its colonies free rule, but countries had to sign cooperation pacts that ensured that their ties were not severed. These accords tied the former colonies to the Franc, the French educational system, and its military and commercial preferences, as colonial tax, the infamous obligation on CFA Franc Zone members, requires them to 'keep 50 percent of their foreign exchange reserves in an operations account held at the French Treasury' - 9 August 2020: Tens of thousands of African students are still stuck in France this summer, long after their studies have concluded because of covid-19, unable to return home to countries where the pandemic is accelerating, unable to pay the price of airline tickets often increased enormously, and forced to rely on visits to foodbanks run by UNEF union of students to supplement their diet
France/Algeria relations: France/Algeria relations
1830-1962 rule in Algeria: 1830-1962 French rule in Algeria
Since 1960 French nuclear test site Reggane: France and weapons of mass destruction - France and nuclear weapons
France/Americas relations: France/Americas relations
From the 16th through to the 19th centuries French, British, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic slave trade: From the 16th through to the 19th centuries French, British, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets
Since 1799 France's Napoleon restored slavery: Since 1799 France's Napoleon restored slavery
France/Angola relations: France/Angola relations
Since 1975 French support of Unita in the Angolan Civil War 1975-2002: Since 1975 USA's agency CIA activities in Angola, participating in the Angolan Civil War 1975-2002, hiring and training USA, British, French and Portuguese private military contractors, and training rebels to fight against the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Unita received support from several states including France, Morocco, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and the USA, as USA governments 'explicitly encouraged' other governments to aid Unita, in 1983 the USA and South African apartheid regime agreed to ship weapons from the Honduras, Belgium and Switzerland to South Africa and then to Unita in Angola, the USA also traded weapons with South Africa for intelligence on the civil war - 1975–1976 'Operation Savannah' was the South African apartheid regime's military covert intervention in the Angolan War of Independence, and the subsequent Angolan Civil War
France/Argentina relations: France/Argentina relations
France/Asia relations: France/Asia relations
1887-1954 'French Indochina': 1887-1954 'French Indochina'
France/Australia relations: France/Australia relations
16 Septemner 2021 major arms exporter France disappointed after loss of estimated €10bn arms deal concerning Beijng regime: 15 September 2021 trilateral security pact between Australia, the UK, and the USA, that will help Australia to develop and deploy nuclear-powered submarines, adding to the Western military presence in the Pacific region to counter the influence of Beijing regime's China in the Indo-Pacific region, as analysts and media have also characterized the alliance as a way to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan) from one party regime's expansionism - 16 Septemner 2021: As France is a major arms exporter, and the loss of an estimated €10bn (Ł7.25bn), once penalty clauses are included, hardly dents this industry. A state visit to Washington for Macron, a few contracts directed at the French Naval Group in Cherbourg, some Biden charm, an assurance that this was a purely Australian military decision based on a changed threat assessment, France’s exclusion, after USA, UK and Australia were setting up a trilateral security partnership aimed at confronting Beijing's regime, showing the extent to which the USA does not trust it with nuclear technology
France/Belgium relations: France/Belgium relations
France/Benin relations: France/Benin relations
Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to 'Porto Novo' for Portuguese and European slave trade: Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to Porto Novo by the Portuguese, meaning 'New Port', and originally developed as a port for the slave trade
February-October 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War: February-October 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War
1892-1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War: 1892-1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War
August 1960 Dahomey's independence from France: On 1 August 1960 Dahomey declared independence from France
France/Brazil relations: France/Brazil relations
France-Brazil economic relations: France-Brazil economic relations
France/Burkina Faso relations: France/Burkina Faso relations
France/Cameroon relations: France/Cameroon relations
Since 1947 Union of the Peoples of Cameroon: Since 1947 Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
France/Central African Republic relations: France/Central African Republic relations
1894-1958/1960 French colony French Equatorial Africa: CAR French colony 1894-1940 - 1910-1958/1960 French Equatorial Africa
France/Chad relations: France/Chad relations
France-Chad trade relations: France-Chad trade relations
2 July 2021 French prosecutors' investigation into multinational fashion retailers' crimes against humanity in China: 2 July 2021: French prosecutors have opened an investigation into four multinational fashion retailers on suspicion of concealing and profiting from crimes against humanity in China’s Xinjiang region by sourcing goods produced using forced Uyghur labour, as judicial sources confirmed to French media on Friday the investigation concerned Uniqlo France, owned by Fast Retailing, Inditex, which owns Zara and Bershka, SMCP, the owner of the French fashion labels Sandro and Maje, and the footwear company Skechers, as - revealed by the investigative website Mediapart - the investigation follows a complaint filed by campaigners including the anti-corruption group Sherpa, the Uyghur Institute of Europe and a Uyghur who was interned in Xinjiang
16 Septemner 2021 major arms exporter France disappointed after loss of estimated €10bn arms deal concerning Beijng regime: 16 Septemner 2021: As France is a major arms exporter, and the loss of an estimated €10bn (Ł7.25bn), once penalty clauses are included, hardly dents this industry. A state visit to Washington for Macron, a few contracts directed at the French Naval Group in Cherbourg, some Biden charm, an assurance that this was a purely Australian military decision based on a changed threat assessment, France’s exclusion, after USA, UK and Australia were setting up a trilateral security partnership aimed at confronting Beijing's regime, showing the extent to which the USA does not trust it with nuclear technology - 15 September 2021 trilateral security pact between Australia, the UK, and the USA, that will help Australia to develop and deploy nuclear-powered submarines, adding to the Western military presence in the Pacific region to counter the influence of Beijing regime's China in the Indo-Pacific region, as analysts and media have also characterized the alliance as a way to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan) from one party regime's expansionism
France/Republic of the Congo relations: France/Republic of the Congo relations
France/Comoros relations: France/Comoros relations
1841-1975 French colonial rule of the Comoros: 1841-1975 French colonial rule of the Comoros
May 1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum: May 1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum
France/Egypt relations: France/Egypt relations
France/Equatorial Guinea relations: France/Equatorial Guinea relations
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials - 12 octobre 2013: Les commémorations du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, qui devraient se prolonger sur cinq ans, ont été partiellement dévoilées à Blois - 11 November 2013: France remembers the Armistice that marked the end of World War I in 1918 after four years of bloody conflict that cost millions of lives - 29 mai 2016: Bayeux a commémoré le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, conçue par le commandant en chef de l'Armée allemande général Erich von Falkenhayn comme une bataille d'attrition pour 'saigner à blanc l'Armée française' sous un déluge d'obus - 8 November 2018: 'The only thing we will remember from Petain is that he was, in the name of the French people, struck with national indignity during his trial in July 45', CRIF's Francis Kalifat says, after Macron praised WWI general Petain who later collaborated with Nazis
France/Greece relations: France/Greece relations
France/Haiti relations: France/Haiti relations
1625-1809 Colony of France Saint-Domingue: Colony of France Saint-Domingue 1625-1809
1802-1804 racist Napoleonic war crimes including use of sulphur dioxide gas and aftermath: 1802-1803 French governor Dessalines ruled with his customary cruelty, and - as after the surrender of Christophe, Toussaint, and Dessalines Haitian resistance continued - throughout new means of execution the French staged mass executions via firing squads, hanging, drowning Haitians in bags, and white supremacist Napoleonic general Rochambeau invented a new means of mass execution, which he called 'fumigational-sulphurous baths', killing hundreds of Haitians in the holds of ships by burning sulphur to make sulphur dioxide to gas them - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior' - 25. Januar 2006: Daß Napoleon Bonaparte ein überzeugter Rassist war, der schwarze Franzosen vergasen ließ, rüttelt an den Grundfesten der 'Grande Nation' der französchen Kolonialherren - At 1941-1945 'Stara Gradiška concentration and extermination camp' in Croatia during WWII guarded by the Croatian Ustaše and specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jewish and Romani ethnicity, gas experiments were conducted and humans were poisoned using sulphur dioxide and later Zyklon B - 2011 'Crimes in Past and Present - government sponsored atrocities and international legal responses', edited by David M. Crowe
Since 1804 external debt of Haiti as a result of French blackmail: External debt of Haiti, one of the main factors that has caused the country's persistent poverty, after the slaves declared themselves free and the country independent in 1804 and France, with the complicity of its allies, demanded that the newly formed country pay the French government and French slaveholders the modern equivalent of US $21 billion dollars for the 'theft' of the slaves' own lives and the land that they had turned into profitable sugar and coffee-producing plantations, this independence debt was financed by French banks and the American Citibank, and finally paid off 143 years later, in 1947 - The Haiti indemnity controversy culminated in an agreement by Haiti to a 1825 gold demand by France for a FRF 150 million indemnity to be paid by the Republic of Haiti in claims over property lost through the Haitian Revolution, delivered to the country by 12 French warships armed with 528 cannons, in return for diplomatic recognition
December 2017 amid ongoing disasters time for France to pay back enormous 'reparations' to the French slaveholders: 6 December 2017: In 1825, Haiti paid France $21 billion to preserve its independence, time for France to pay it back
France/India relations: France/India relations
France/Iran relations: France/Iran relations
2012/2013: 19 février 2012: Téhéran stoppe ses ventes de pétrole à la France et au Royaume-Uni - 8 novembre 2012: La France demande des explications à Téhéran sur la mort d'un blogueur emprisonné - 14 novembre 2012: La justice iranienne a annoncé l'arrestation de 'plusieurs personnes' à la suite de la mort en détention du blogueur Sattar Beheshti - 15 June 2013: As jubilant supporters took to the streets of Teheran to celebrate a victory of the Iranian people and the dawning of a new era, France and Britain acknowledged Hassan Rohani’s election as Iran’s next president, looking ahead to establishing a relationship with him - 15 octobre 2013: La France doute des bonnes intentions à l’égard des négociations sur le nucléaire iranien - 9 November 2013: France’s FM Fabius accused by Iranian regime of defending Israel after he said that Israel’s 'concerns' needed to be taken into consideration in nuclear talks
France/Iraq relations: France/Iraq relations
France/Israel relations: France/Israel relations
June 2016: Paris summit a ‘missed opportunity': 3 June 2016: Paris summit was a ‘missed opportunity,’ Israel says
France/Italy relations: France/Italy relations
France/Ivory Coast relations: France/Ivory Coast relations
France/Japan relations: France/Japan relations
France/Jordan relations: France/Jordan relations
France/Korea relations: France/Korea relations
France/North Korea relations: France/North Korea relations
France/South Korea relations: France/South Korea relations
France/Laos relations: France/Laos relations
1893–1945, 1946–1953 French 'Protectorate' of Laos: French Protectorate of Laos 1893–1945, 1946–1953
France/Lebanon relations: France/Lebanon relations
France/Libya relations: France/Libya relations
Since 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing, trial and Libyan compensation: 19 September 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing, investigation, trial and Libyan compensation
Since 2007 alleged Libyan influence in the French elections: Alleged Libyan influence in the 2007 French elections
April 2019 France’s double game in Libya: 17 April 2019: France’s double game in Libya
13-20 April 2019 Libyan protests against Haftar's offensive and backers: 13 April 2019: Thousands of Libyans came out to demonstrate in Tripoli and Misrata against the war on Tripoli waged by Khalifa Haftar, calling for a civilian state and objecting to possible military rule with placards not only denouncing Haftar but also his French, UAE and Saudi backers - 15 April 2019: Some foreign states unified by aim of Libyan instability, Libyan government spokesperson says - 15-20 April 2019: Civilian casualties and displacement expected to increase in Libya due to continued use of air strikes and heavy artillery, UN report says - 20 April 2019: Libyans accuse France of backing Tripoli assault, as protesters demonstrated in the Libyan capital Tripoli against the offensive by military strongman Haftar
21 September 2019 Haftar's airstrikes on Murzuq: 21 September 2019: Haftar's forces conduct 4 airstrikes on Murzuq
France/Madagascar relations: France/Madagascar relations
1882-1897 French Malagasy Protectorate: French Malagasy Protectorate 1882-1897
1895 Menalamba rebellion: Menalamba rebellion 1895
1897-1958 French colony of Madagascar and military rule: French colony of Madagascar 1897-1958
1958 Malagasy constitutional referendum: Malagasy constitutional referendum 1958
26 June 2020 Madagascar celebrates 60th independence anniversary from France: 26 June 2020: After gaining its independence, following uprising, which claimed nearly 100,000 citizens since 1947, on the 26 of June 1960, Madagascar is celebrating its 60th independence anniversary from France with a series of activities across the country, as despite the exuding joy of freedom memories of the scars of pain and agony suffered under colonial masters even echoed among todays generation as victim and pro-independence fighter Randriamamonjy reports 'every morning they would make us go up the hill (and) Senegalese riflemen with the French kept guard and whipped us like we were donkeys pulling a cart', saying ‘do you give in now’, but Randriamamonjy answered ‘I’d rather die with my fallen brothers'
France/Mali relations: France/Mali relations
France/Malta relations: France/Malta relations
1798-1815 Siege of Malta, Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Malta (1798–1800) - Napoleonic Wars 1803-1815
France/Mauritius relations: France/Mauritius relations
France/Middle East relations: France/Middle East relations
France/Monaco relations: France/Monaco relations
France/Morocco relations: France/Morocco relations
1912-1956 French 'protectorate' of Morocco: French 'protectorate' of Morocco 1912-1956
France/Mozambique relations: France/Mozambique relations
1751 French intervention in Burma: 1751 French intervention in Burma
19th century Franco-British rivalry: 19th century Franco-British rivalry
France/Niger relations: France/Niger relations
1895-1960 French West Africa: Colonial French West Africa 1895-1960
France/Norway relations: France/Norway relations
25 September 2020 Norway court okays extradition of suspect Abu Zayed in 1982 attack at Jewish deli in Paris: 25 September 2020: A Norwegian court approved an extradition request from France for suspect Abu Zayed linked to a terror attack in a Jewish neighborhood in Paris in 1982 that killed six people, as Friday’s ruling, which can be appealed, concerns only whether the legal grounds are met for an extradition and the decision of whether or not to extradite Walid Abdulrahman Abu Zayed will ultimately be up to Norway’s justice ministry, or government, as families of the victims of the attack, who have been demanding a trial for nearly four decades, have pinned their hopes on his extradition, and as affair is all the more explosive given media reports of a secret deal between French intelligence services and the Abu Nidal Organization under which the latter’s members would not be arrested if they refrained from committing further attacks on French soil
France/Pakistan relations: France/Pakistan relations - Pakistanis in France
Since 2002 'Affaire Karachi': Affaire Karachi - 2002 Karachi bus bombing
France/Poland relations: France/Poland relations
6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of ill prepared Poland after French and British pressure not to mobilize: 6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of Poland, fought between the armies of Poland and Nazi Germany in World War II, after reason for Poland's late and insufficient mobilization was pressure from the French and the British not to mobilize, and as since 29 August 1939, when the Poles re—started the mobilization against advice from Paris and London, it was too late - Since 1938 'Western betrayal' (and earlier) concerning the fact that France, the United Kingdom, and sometimes the USA failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II, also sometimes referring to the treatment of other Central and Eastern European states at the time, enabling World War II that lasted from 1939 to 1945, the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe, and the August 1945 atomic bombings forcing Japanese war criminals to surrender
France/Russia relations: France/Russia relations
1812 French invasion of Russia: French invasion of Russia 1812
Russian 'Fancy Bear' and French elections 2016–2017: Russian 'Fancy Bear' and French elections 2016–2017
France/Rwanda relations: France/Rwanda relations
1994 Role of France in the Rwandan Genocide: Role of France in the Rwandan Genocide 1994
France/Saudi-Arabia relations: France/Saudi Arabia relations since 1926
April 2019 France and the UK should join bonesaw Saudi arms embargo: 12 April 2019: France and the UK should join German bonesaw Saudi arms embargo
France/Senegal relations: France/Senegal relations
1659 French conquest of Senegal: French conquest of Senegal 1659 - Ndar (Saint-Louis)
1895-1958 French West Africa: French West Africa 1895-1958
1960 Independence of Senegal: 1960 Independence of Senegal
France/Singapore relations: France/Singapore relations
France/Spain relations: France/Spain relations
17th century France/Spain relations: 17th century France/Spain relations
18th century France/Spain relations: 18th century France/Spain relations
July 1808 Battle of Bailén: July 1808 Battle of Bailén
19th century Latin American revolutions and wars of independence: Following the French invasion of Spain during the early 19th century, American opposition against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence, as after the restoration of rule by Ferdinand VII in 1814 and his rejection of the Spanish liberal constitution of 1812, social and political movements hardened their stance toward Spanish colonialism and they increasingly sought political independence - During the late 18th and early 19th centuries Latin American revolutions and wars of independence, resulting in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America following the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies in the Americas
1939-1946 Camp de Gurs: 1939-1946 Camp de Gurs
21th century France/Spain relations: 21th century France/Spain relations
France/Sudan relations: France/Sudan relations
1898 'Fashoda Incident' and imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa: 1898 'Fashoda Incident', the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa, as a French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan, and as the British held firm as both empires stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides until the French withdrew, ensuring Anglo-Egyptian control over the area and an agreement acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in Morocco - 'Sudan', the geographic region to the south of the Sahara, stretching from Western to eastern Central Africa, as the name derives from the Arabic bilad as-sudan ('the lands of the Blacks') - 1880–1960 French Sudan
France/Switzerland relations: France/Switzerland relations
France/Syria relations: France/Syria relations
August/September 2013: 27 August: President Hollande says that France was 'ready to punish' those behind last week's deadly chemical attack in Syria - 30 August: President François Hollande says that the UK parliamentary vote against taking military action against Assad regime would not affect France’s will to act alongside the United States in 'punishing' Assad regime for a chemical weapons attack - 1 September: Obama stalls on Syria, upping pressure on Hollande - 2 September: Assad forces carried out a 'massive and coordinated' chemical attack on August 21 near Damascus posing a major threat to national and global security, according to a declassified French intelligence report - 2 September: France calls for coalition to act against Assad regime - 7 September 2013: International support is growing for a strong response to the chemical weapons attack by the Syrian regime, France's foreign minister Fabius said during a joint press conference with USA counterpart Kerry - 9 September 2013: Assad regime must commit immediately to destruction of chemical arms, French foreign minister says - 10 September 2013: France says that a Russian proposal to have Assad hand over his chemical weapons arsenal was acceptable only if it came after a UN Security Council resolution spelling out consequences if he failed to comply - 13 September 2013: After reports that UN report will confirm Syria chemical weapons use, French, USA and British foreign ministers will meet in Paris on Monday for talks on Syria and a UN Security Council resolution - 20 September 2013: France suggests it is ready to give weapons to Syria's opposition in a 'controlled framework' - 29 septembre 2013: Appel de parlementaires PS et EELV à une aide militaire aux forces de l'opposition en Syrie
2014/2015: 13 May: France calls on United Nations to refer Syrian War to International Criminal Court - 27 February 2015: France and Britain dismissed any suggestion of restoring relations with Bashar al-Assad, saying this would likely end all hope of a political transition - 5 March: French President Hollande receives Syrian Coalition delegation in Paris - 16 March 2015: After speaking to USA's John Kerry on the phone France's FM Fabius says, the French position on the Syrian crisis had not changed and that 'the solution is a political transition (which) must both preserve regime institutions - not Mr Bashar al-Assad - ... and include the opposition of course' - 23 May 2015: A majority of 55% of French people are in favour of a military intervention by France in Syria, poll says - 27 September 2015: France launches first airstrikes against Islamic State terrorists in Syria, as French president says 'civilian populations must be protected against all forms of violence, ... also against the murderous bombings of Bashar al-Assad' - 29 September: In New York, Syrian Coalition's Khoja and France's Hollande agree on Syria without Assad, as Khoja explains the regime’s brutal practices against civilians, most notably using barrel bombs which account for nearly 95% of the overall civilian deaths in Syria, and as France will discuss with its partners in the coming days a proposal by Turkey and the Syrian opposition for a no-fly zone in northern Syria - 30 September: France is investigating Bashar al-Assad over alleged crimes against humanity, also examining claims of torture and kidnapping by Assad's forces and opened 'on the basis of indications received from the foreign ministry' on 10 September - 8 October: France will support establishing safe zones in Syria - 24 October 2015: France's FM Fabius announced that Paris will host foreign-minister level talks on Syria on 27 October, adding that Russia's foreign minister Lavrov will not be part of the talks and reiterating that Bashar al-Assad could not be part of any solution in Syria
2016: 13 February 2016: While Western leaders are not criminally responsible for the deaths of 470,000 Syrians so far murdered by the Assad regime since 2011, his helpers from Iran and Hezbollah and the Russian fighter jets bombing from high, it has happened on their watch and to a large degree through their inaction, Israeli newspaper 'Haaretz' says - 1 April 2016: France accuses Syrian Assad regime of violating ceasefire, saying that airstrikes in south-east Damascus were intended to terrorise people and undermine international peace efforts - 11 June 2016: Photos of 1,000 Syrian detainees out of hundreds of thousands of detainees currently in Assad’s prisons will be raised by Syrian and French activists at the 'Place de la Bastille' in Paris - 10 October 2016: Saying that France is 'committed as never before to saving the population of Aleppo’ and that he will ask the international court of justice to investigate possible war crimes in Syria French FM Ayrault also says that President Hollande will take into account the situation in Syria's Aleppo when deciding whether to see Russia's Putin when he visits Paris on 19 October - 26 October 2016: First European lawsuit to target Assad regime for its involvement in the disappearance of two French nationals in Syria in 2013, as Syrian Coalition urges Syrian nationals holding a second European nationality to lodge complaints against the Assad regime for the war crimes and crimes against humanity its forces are committing against their loved ones in Syria - 21 November 2016: At a meeting with French FM Jean-Marc Ayrault Syrian Coalition's Hijab stresses that the brutal onslaught on Aleppo by Assad and its Russian and Iranian allies are war crimes and crimes against humanity, calling upon the international community to assume its duty to stop Assad and Russia’s massacres in Syria - 1 December 2016: Head of Aleppo provincial council Brita Haji Hasan and French FM Ayrault calling to save Aleppo - 2 December 2016: The Syrian civil defense was awarded the Franco-German Prize for Human Rights and the Rule of Law a few days after receiving the Alternative Nobel Prize honoring their humanitarian role in relief work, as French FM Ayrault condemns the attacks that target civilians and hospitals in Aleppo, adding that systematic war crimes are being committed in the war-torn city and that the international community often ignores these crimes, as Syrian Coalition's Abdah calls for urgent action to save the people of Aleppo from the ongoing genocide, warning of an unprecedented humanitarian disaster that will have serious political, humanitarian consequences for the Syrian people and the peoples of the region
2017: 9 January 2017: Syria's war criminal al-Assad on Sunday received a number of members of the French National Assembly, headed by Thierry Mariani - 22 June 2017: France's Macron breaks with previous French policy in support of the struggle for freedom and democracy also in Syria, saying that 'nobody has shown me a legitimate successor' to Syria's dictators Hafez al-Assad 1970-2000 and Bashar al-Assad since 2000 - 3 juillet 2017: Des intellectuels et spécialistes français et syriens reprochent au président français son revirement à propos de Bachar el-Assad, qu'ils qualifient d'erreur d'analyse majeure - 20 September 2017: During meeting with French president, opposition leader Hijab ties a successful solution to the Syrian crisis with the prosecution of Assad - 26 December 2017: French rights groups and associations are seeking to coordinate their efforts to condemn the Assad regime at European and international judicial institutions, such as the European Court and the International Criminal Cour
Franco-Thai War 1940-1941 between Thailand (Siam) and Vichy France: Franco-Thai War 1940-1941 between Thailand (Siam) and Vichy France
France/Tunisia relations: France/Tunisia relations
1881-1956 French conquest and 'protectorate' of Tunisia: French conquest of Tunisia 1881 - French 'protectorate' of Tunisia 1881-1956
France/Turkey relations: France/Turkey relations
France/Uganda relations: France/Uganda relations
France/Ukraine relations: France/Ukraine relations
15/16 July 2018 soccer mob roars 'goal' in France and Russia including Macron: 15/16 July 2018: Chaos, looting and riots, originating from the famous Arc de Triomphe and spreading across other parts of the French capital Paris, as soccer mob roars 'goal' in France and Russia, including France's Macron, congratulating Polonium-, and Sarin-, and Novichok-Putin, as Russia's hybrid military forces mounted 29 attacks on Ukrainian army positions in Donbas in the past 24 hours, wounding one Ukrainian soldier, and as G7 foreign ministers of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the USA say that 'the JIT's findings on Russia's role in the downing of MH17 are compelling, significant and deeply disturbing', and stand 'together against the impunity of those who engage in aggressive actions that threaten the rules-based international order'
2 November 2020 Ukraine invites France to join international platform for the Crimea de-occupation: 2 November 2020: Ukraine's FM Dmytro Kuleba has invited France to join the efforts to create an international platform for the Crimea de-occupation
France/United Arab Emirates relations: France/United Arab Emirates relations
France/United Kingdom relations: France/United Kingdom relations
1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars: 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars tragedy
2016: 1 March 2016: Calais camp is razed by French authorities with nowhere for most refugees to go - 20 June 2016: France’s first Shakespearean-style theatre near Condette in northern France built as tribute to Anglo-French friendship vandalised - 26 juillet 2016: Un migrant éthiopien a été tué aux abords de la 'Jungle' de Calais lors de rixes, qui ont également fait six blessés, et ont éclaté 'à proximité du camp opposant des migrants africains (Soudanais, Erythréens, Ethiopiens) et afghans' - 24 September 2016: Up to 1,000 unaccompanied minors will be left to fend for themselves when the bulldozers move in Calais refugee camp and French authorities hope Britain will honour pledges and rescue minors - 23 October 2016: Despite concerns about the safety of thousands of children and vulnerable adults living there, French officials are expected to press ahead with plans to start dismantling the Calais refugee camp on Monday - 27 October 2016: Charities fear for safety of unregistered minors as French officials try to declare camp's clearout complete and fires ravage camp - 5 November 2016: Nearly all of the children who stayed in the now demolished Calais camp for refugees have a mental health condition such as post-traumatic stress disorder or depression, according to 'Citizens UK', which is supporting scores of children dispersed around France - 19 November 2016: Child refugees sent from the demolished Calais 'jungle' to supposedly safe welcome centres across France claim they have been pressed into forced labour
25 November 2021 Channel crossing tragedy after refugee boat capsized, 'The Guardian' reports: 25 November 2021: Channel crossing tragedy after refugee boat capsized, 'The Guardian' reports live on the second day
France/USA relations: France/USA relations
Since 1960s France's colonial past, world market and tensions with Nato: Since the 1960s France and USA differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because ironcally French leaders were convinced that the USA could not win, following French experience with Indochina and the Algerian War of Independence again showing it was impossible to impose by force a government over a foreign population using unacceptable methods such as torture, as tensions reappeared intermittently in the 1970s when France more strongly than any other nation saw the EU as a method of counterbalancing USA and British power, and thus works towards having the Euro, also developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO, as the USA had much closer relations with the other large European powers, and in the 1980s the two nations disagreed on the desirability of a reunified Germany, as the tried to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia through the construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline that was finally built, a controversy persisting since the always more criminal Putin regime
2013/2014: 12 April 2013: Hopi Native American masks sold at Paris auction amid protest - 1 juillet: Le 'Guardian' a affirmé que la France, l'Italie et la Grèce figuraient parmi les 38 'cibles' surveillées par la NSA - les Européens exigent des explications - 2 July: France tells USA to stop spying ‘immediately’ - 22 octobre: À la suite des révélations sur l’espionnage des Français par le NSA, le président Hollande a fait part de sa colère et de son incompréhension à Obama - 25 October 2013: Germany and France demand 'no-spy' agreement with USA - 11 février 2014: Washington et Paris 'amis pour toujours', se félicite Hollande en visite d’État outre-Atlantique sans first lady - 10 April 2014: Maryland adjourned for the year Monday without voting on legislation that would have prohibited rail company SNCF from winning the $2.37 billion commuter rail contract, until it paid reparations to people it transported during the Holocaust - 30 May 2014: BNP Paribas faces fine of more than $10bn to settle charges that it violated US sanctions against Iran and other countries - 22 June: Alstom agrees to General Electric's bid to acquire its energy business - 1 July 2014: BNP Paribas pleads guilty to pay $9 billion after violating USA sanctions against Sudan, Cuba and Iran
1939-1945 World War II, France stayed in Indochina tolerated by Japan: France stayed in Indochina during 1939-1945 World War II, tolerated by the Japanese Army
France/Yemen relations: France/Yemen relations
Forests of France: Forests of France
Water pollution in France: Water pollution in France
Fauna of France and endangered species: Fauna of France - List of birds of Metropolitan France
Natural disasters in France: Natural disasters in France
Windstorms and weather events in France and Europe: Weather events in France - European windstorms
Floods in France: Floods in France
Heat waves in France:
2003 heat wave in France: 2003 heat wave in France
August 2012 heat wave in France: Canicule en France métropolitaine d'août 2012
June/July 2019 heat wave in France: 2019 heat wave in France
14 juillet 2022 canicule devenant intense entre dimanche et mardi prochain: 14 juillet 2022: Canicule devenant intense entre dimanche et mardi prochain, selon Météo-France
July/August 2022 heatwaves and drought in France: < href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_drought#France">After July 2022 was reportedly the driest month in France for 60 years, by August, 100 villages have ran out of drinking water. Water use has been restricted in nearly all metropolitan departments of France. French PM Élisabeth Borne has called it 'the country's worst drought in history', European Commission has warned that 2022 heatwaves and drought will be Europe's worst in half a millennium.
Wildfires in France: Wildfires in France
August 2016 hundreds evacuated from path of wildfire in southern France near Marseille: 11 August 2016: Hundreds evacuated from path of wildfire in southern France near Marseille


Germany
History of Germany: History of 'Germany'
Geography of Germany: Geography of German territories
Rivers raining into the Black Sea: Rivers raining into the Black Sea
Rivers draining into the North Sea: Rivers draining into the North Sea
Ems river: Ems river in northwestern Germany. The source of the river is in the southern Teutoburg Forest in North Rhine-Westphalia. In Lower Saxony, the brook becomes a comparatively large river. Here the swampy region of Emsland is named after the river. In Meppen the Ems is joined by its largest tributary, the Hase River, flowing northwards, close to the Dutch border, into East Frisia. Near Emden, it flows into the Dollart bay (a national park) and then continues as a tidal river towards the Dutch city of Delfzijl It runs through the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony, and discharges into the Dollart Bay which is part of the Wadden Sea. Its total length is 362.4 kilometres. The state border between the Lower Saxon area of East Friesland and the province of Groningen (Netherlands), whose exact course was the subject of a border dispute between the countries - first settled in the 21st century in the European Union -, runs through the Ems estuary.
Demographics of Germany: Demographics of Germany
Since 1648–1815 history of German speaking societies and territorial states: Since 1648–1815 history of German speaking societies and territorial states during the rise of Prussian kingdom ('enlightened absolutism or despotism'), during the French Revolution since 1789, 1815–1871 society, economy and German Confederation, including early industrialization, industrial revolution, corporate formation, economic fluctuations, social change and pauperism in a bourgeois society, emergence of workforce and labour movements - Compare 1830–1938 GNP per capita in USA dollars of different countries in Europe (including Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Russia/USSR, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, as Poland remained occupied by Prussian kingdom and German empire, by Austria-Hungary and the Russian empire and divided until 1918, the end of German and Austro-Hungarian empires' World War I)
Second 'careers', protection of Nazi murderers (ongoing):
2011: 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - Word War II: German gas vans in concentration camps, in Poland, Baltic states, Soviet Union, Serbia and North Africa - 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - 27. September 2011: Deutscher Verfassungsschutz läßt eigene NS-Vergangenheit untersuchen, schon 2011 - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt - 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo
2012/2013: 15 juillet 2012: Le criminel nazi Laszlo Csatary retrouvé à Budapest - 18 July: Csatary, accused of organising the deportation to their deaths of some 16,000 Jews arrested in Hungary - 7 May 2013: Living in Baden-Wuerttemberg since 1983, the alleged former guard at the Nazi death camp Auschwitz Hans Lipschis arrested on charges of complicity in the mass murder of prisoners - 28 June: Germany's Federal Administrative Court blocks full release of Nazi Eichmann files - 23 July 2013: The Nazi-hunting Simon Wiesenthal Center launches German poster campaign seeking information on the last perpetrators of the Holocaust still at large nearly 70 years on - 29 July 2013 and its truth: The murderer SS-Priebke and free man in 2013 said, that the victims - from 14 year old boys (today 83) to 75 year old men - were, in his view at the time, terrorists - 2 September: Germany tries 92-year-old member of the Nazi Waffen SS Siert Bruins for Nazi war crime - 26 September: Former Auschwitz guard Hans Lipschis, 93, to be tried as part of drive to round up last surviving members of Nazi regime - 15 October 2013: Angry protests mark funeral of Nazi war criminal SS officer Erich Priebke in Italy
2015: 23. Februar 2015: Ein 94-jähriger ehemaliger SS-Sanitäter im Vernichtungslager Auschwitz-Birkenau soll sich vor dem Landgericht Neubrandenburg wegen Beihilfe zum Mord in mindestens 3.681 Fällen verantworten - 31 March 2015: Following Germany's refusals of extradition to Denmark and protection by German governments and authorities, volunteer in the SS Viking Division and Denmark’s highest-ranking Nazi Soren Kam died a free man last week in Kempten after he fled to CDU/CSU-Germany in 1956 and obtained citizenship, despite conviction in Denmark to have been involved in the murder of Danish anti-Nazi newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen - 20/21 April 2015: SS 'accountant of Auschwitz' Gröning goes on trial in Germany charged with complicity in the murder of 300,000 Holocaust victims - 15 July: Former SS officer Oskar Groening known as the Bookkeeper of Auschwitz sentenced to four years in prison - 16 July 2015: SS officer Oskar Gröning escaped prosecution in Britain nearly 70 years ago because of the USA’s desire, according to newly discovered UNWCC documents also revealing that the entire judicial process against Germans accused of committing war crimes was closed down after political intervention from above - 1 August 2015: Germany shelves Nazi crimes probe of SS-commander Michael Karkoc now living in USA, who commanded a unit in the SS-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion accused of burning villages filled with women and children, based on wartime documents, testimony from other members of the unit and Karkoc’s own Ukrainian-language memoir
24 July 2019 former SS soldier Karl Muenter charged: 24 juillet 2019: Suite à la plainte de familles de victimes du massacre de 86 civils à Ascq, commis dans la nuit du 1er au 2 avril 1944 par des SS y compris Karl Münter, ce l'ancien SS, qui a assuré que le chiffre de 6 millions de juifs assassinés par les nazis était exagéré lors d'un entretien à la chaîne publique ARD diffusé le 29 novembre 2018, qui a estimé que les victimes d'Ascq étaient aussi responsables de leur mort, est enfin mis en accusation maintenant pour incitation à la haine, après en mars 2018, le Parquet allemand avait en effet annoncé l'abandon des poursuites parce que le suspect avait déjà été condamné à mort par contumace par un tribunal militaire en France en 1949 et qu'il ne pouvait donc être jugé une seconde fois pour ces mêmes faits
22 July 2020 at Bruno Dey trial in Hamburg witness Marek Dunin-Wasowicz wants to be heard in Germany: 22 July 2020: Still haunted by the pyres of burning bodies, Marek Dunin-Wasowicz, who spent several months at Stutthof camp, initially built to imprison Polish leaders and intelligentsia in September 1939, where war crimes defendant Bruno Dey at trial in Hamburg served, wants to speak out for the more than 60,000 people killed at the camp and for the few survivors who are still alive, also wanting his testimony to be heard in Germany, the country where Nazism originated and at a time of rising neo-Nazism linked rhetoric, politics and crime in Halle, Hanau, Kassel, Frankfurt, Berlin etc. and in Europe, also reporting that Germans came up to his table in the courtroom to meet him, 'to ask forgiveness in the name of their grandfathers, their fathers', 'I was shocked', and also calling Germany’s long delay in bringing Nazi personnel like Dey to justice 'inexcusable'
Manufacturing and engineering companies of Germany: Manufacturing companies of Germany - Engineering companies of Germany
Since 2008 worldwide 'Volkswagen' defeat device and emissions scandal: Volkswagen emissions scandal - in September 2015 'Volkswagen' admitted to illegally using installed software to change emissions test results for 11 million of its diesel engine cars sold between 2009 and 2015 - 20 September 2015: Volkswagen orders external investigation after USA regulators found cars gave inaccurate data on toxic emissions - 22 September 2015: Calling for a 'Europe-wide' investigation in the Volkswagen emissions scandal, France’s finance minister Sapin says, 'what we are dealing with is making sure people avoid being poisoned by pollution' - 28 September: Prosecutors reportedly launch inquiry into former 'Volkswagen' boss Winterkorn - 2 October: Volkswagen emissions testing scandal is deepening, with the Paris prosecutor announcing a preliminary inquiry - 9 October: Carmaker VW says half of models involved in emissions scandal may need complex, costly repairs such as a new fuel tank - 15 October: Volkswagen is to recall 8.5m diesel cars across the EU after German authorities rejected its proposals for a voluntary scheme in the emissions scandal - 3 November 2015: VW reveals CO2 emissions problem in 800,000 vehicles - 5 November 2015: The deepening crisis at Volkswagen has hit sales hard, with the first signs emerging that the emissions-rigging scandal is putting customers off
Auto parts suppliers and car parts makers of Germany: Auto parts suppliers of Germany - Tire manufacturers of Germany
Since 1914 Germany, weapons of mass destruction and history: Germany, weapons of mass destruction and history - Since 1914 Chemical weapons in World War I
Chemical industry of Germany: Chemical industry of Germany
Monsanto legal cases: Monsanto legal cases
Fossil fuels in Germany: Fossil fuels in Germany
Renewable energy in Germany: Renewable energy in Germany
Energy infrastructure in Germany: Energy infrastructure in Germany
April 2016 computer virus found in a nuclear power plant in Bavaria: 26 April 2016: Computer virus found in a nuclear power plant in Bavaria
Food industry in Germany: Food industry in Germany
Dairy farming in Germany: Dairy farming in Germany
Poultry farming: Poultry farming
Animal diseases: Animal diseases
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Fishing in Germany: Fishing in Germany
Water supply and sanitation in Germany: Water supply and sanitation in Germany
Foreign trade of Germany: Foreign trade of Germany
Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank
7 July 2020 New York state penalizes Deutsche Bank $150M for Epstein dealings: 7 July 2020: New York state penalizes Deutsche Bank $150M for dealings with the late sex offender Jeffrey Epstein
Economic history and economic cycles in Germany: Economic history of Germany since 1945
1932-1939 unemployment rate in Germany: 1932-1939 unemployment rate in Germany
29 April 2020 Germany expects record recession in 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic: 29 April 2020: Germany expects record recession in 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic
Labor and labor relations in Germany: Labor in Germany - German labour law - Trade unions in Germany
1996: 14. Juni 1996: Die deutsche 'Wehrmacht' in der Realisierung der Welteroberungs- und Versklavungspläne des national-sozialistischen Deutschlands katapultierte das NS-Mordsystem mit Waffengewalt über die deutschen Grenzen hinaus bis nach Stalingrad und Narvik, an den Nordrand der Sahara und die Küste des Atlantiks, ihren territorialen Eroberungen übrigens immer hart auf dem Fuße ein Vernichtungsapparat, dessen Radius stets identisch mit dem Radius der Wehrmachtsfront war, die daher an der physischen Auslöschung der Opfer selbst dann mitverantwortlich und mitschuldig gewesen wäre, wenn die Massen-, Serien- und Völkermorde ohne ihre Beteiligung stattgefunden hätten, in die sie aber tief involviert war (Ralph Giordano in einem offenen Brief an den CDU-Minister Volker Rühe mit der Aufforderung, Erwin Rommel aus der Bundeswehr-Tradition zu entfernen)
Since 1955 list of generals of the German 'Bundeswehr', mostly former Nazi 'Wehrmacht' officers: List of generals of the German 'Bundeswehr', mostly former Nazi 'Wehrmacht' officers - 1940-1945 Adolf Heusinger devient chef de la section des opérations ('Operationsabteilung') à l’OKH et participe aux décisions opérationnelles et stratégiques, les crimes de guerre de la Wehrmacht - Heinrich Trettner 1907-2006, rejoint la Légion Condor et sert comme adjudant et officier d'opérations du Generalmajor Hugo Sperrle et Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen durant la Guerre civile d'Espagne, ensuite un Generalleutnant allemand qui a servi au sein de la Heer dans la Wehrmacht pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de 1964 à 1966 Inspecteur général de la Bundeswehr (Generalinspekteur der Bundeswehr)
German military personnel: German military personnel
Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany (see also 'crime in Germany', explained further below): List of intelligence agencies of Germany
Military budget of Germany: Military budget of Germany
Taxation in Germany: Taxation in Germany
Federal budget of Germany: Federal budget of Germany
Elections and politics in Germany: Elections in Germany - Political parties in Germany
August 1949 West German federal election: 14 August 1949 West German federal election
September 1953 West German federal election: 6 September 1953 West German federal election
September 1957 West German federal election: 15 September 1957 West German federal election
September 1969 West German federal election: 28 September 1969 West German federal election
Since 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace' and 'Greens' in West Germany: After in 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace', then in over 55 countries and and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, in the 1970s and 1980s in West Germany a 'Green Party' was formed to organize and accommodate the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, and after peace movement activists and other new social movements had previously been active in the 'APO', as later in 1983, the 'German Green Party' was elected into the Bundestag still in Bonn, where it stood for the concept of movement and change - until today seen in new social movements - and as within only a few years, the 'Greens' gained political influence amid growing knowledge of natural foundations and the unity of man and nature
Since October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital: 3 October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital of the 'Federal Republic of Germany'
December 1990 German federal election: 2 December 1990 German federal election, the first all-German election since the NSDAP show election in April 1938, the first multi-party all-German election since that of March 1933, which was held after the NSDAP seizure of power and was subject to widespread suppression, and the first free and fair all-German election since November 1932, as the 1990 result was a comprehensive victory - following the Monday demonstrations since 1982/1989 in East Germany, the 1989 Alexanderplatz demonstration for political reforms, events in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the November 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall - for the governing coalition of the CDU/CSU and the FDP, which was reelected to a third term - Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of one party ruled regimes in several countries, ongoing in the 21st century and then also including Islamic countries
September 2013 German federal election: German federal election 22 September 2013 - 22 septembre 2013: Les Allemands ont voté en masse dimanche matin pour les élections législatives qui devraient confirmer Angela Merkel - 23 September: Germany's CDU/CSU wins by a landslide but faces tough coalition choices - 23/24 September: 'This morning I stood in front of my wardrobe and I thought red is no good, bright green is no good, blue was yesterday, what are you going to do?' CDU chancellor Merkel said - 17 octobre 2013: Merkel tente un rapprochement avec les sociaux-démocrates - 27 November: CDU/CSU and SPD reach deal on forming a coalition - 14 décembre 2013: Feu vert des sociaux-démocrates à la 'grande coalition' dans un référendum interne - 18 December: Angela Merkel elected to a third term as chancellor in a vote in the German lower house of parliament
2014: 14 February 2014: German minister Friedrich quits over Edathy's suspected involvement in child pornography - 17 February: German grand coalition dispute over SPD lawmaker's child porn probe as commentators are asking whether Merkel's third government can rule in its current state
May 2014 German European Parliament election: German European Parliament election 25 May 2014
2015: 7 May 2015: German defense ministry official tried to get MAD intelligence service on the urging of the manufacturer of assault rifles G36 Heckler&Koch to cover up negative reports about this rifles used by the Bundeswehr - 13 October 2015: Anti-refugee protesters create a gallows for Angela Merkel over her open-door refugee policies as housing for those who have fled the Middle East are daubed in racist graffiti - 17 October 2015: Henriette Reker, running for the office of the Mayor of Cologne, was seriously wounded by an assailant with a knife while shouting against refugees - 19 October 2015: Henriette Reker who was stabbed in the neck in an attack over her work with refugees elected the first female mayor of the western city of Cologne - 7 November 2015: Just two days after resolving a coalition row over how to handle the record influx of refugees, row over their status reopened by the CDU/CSU interior minister saying Syrian refugees would receive a modified status and be barred from having family members join them
December 2016: 1 December 2016: The first time German government admits that Ramstein military base in Rhineland-Palatinate plays a central role in the USA’s illegal drone war missions around the world, killing almost 5,000 people in Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia as well as more than 13,000 in the war in Afghanistan, as the large majority of the victims are innocents such as women, children, and old people according to Ramstein campaign - 2 December 2016: Opposition parties accuse the coalition government of overstepping its authority in order to block USA whistleblower Edward Snowden's trip to Germany after the Federal Court of Justice ruled in November that the government must allow a parliamentary committee in Berlin to question Snowden, who in 2013 leaked details of the USA National Security Agency's global surveillance practises
May 2019 European Parliament election in Germany: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Germany
5-23 February 2020 CDU supports neo-Nazi linked AfD and Secretary General denies solution of crisis: 5 February 2020: CDU and FDP politicians 'break taboo' voting with racist AfD and its state leader Björn Höcke, legally termed a fascist, to oust Thuringia premier Bodo Ramelow, defying the national party’s refusal to work with neo-Nazi linked parties - 23 February 2020: After lawmakers in Thuringia agreed on a way to vote in a new state government without the support of neo-Nazi party, avoiding a repeat of a decision earlier this month that caused a political uproar, CDU Secretary General Paul Ziemiak criticized party lawmakers for the way out of the crisis caused by the CDU (the party of NSDAP members Globke, Kiesinger Filbinger etc.), saying 'this is about the credibility of the CDU in general', adding that the party 'rejects all coalitions and similar forms of cooperation'
24 September 2020 German CDU/CSU party's and Europe's memory: , 24 September 2020: Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen continues to promote war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the 'Führerbegleitbatallion' during the invasion of Poland, since 1940 a military commander in Nazi Germany's conquest of western Europe, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military - 24 September 2020: As site in Amsterdam’s Jewish Quarter will feature names of more than 102,000 Jews, Roma and Sinti who were murdered in or on their way to Nazi concentration camps, a school friend of World War II Jewish diarist Anne Frank laid the first stone Wednesday at a new memorial under construction in Amsterdam to honor all Dutch victims of the Holocaust, after Dutch court cleared the way last year for the memorial to be constructed
Since 1932 22 assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler ending with the failed 20 July 1944 plot following successful Normandy landing by Allied forces: Since 1932 list of 22 assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler ending with the failed 20 July 1944 plot following successful Normandy landing by Allied forces - 20 July 1944 NSDAP ruled German empire's army officers attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler inside his 'Wolf's Lair' field headquarters near Rastenburg in east Prussia, an action called 'Operation Valkyrie', following NSDAP empire's offensives since 1939, including invasion and occupation of Poland, battle of the Atlantic, invasions of Denmark, of Norway, of Iceland, battle of the Netherlands, invasion of Luxembourg, Battle of Belgium, Battle of France 'Case Yellow', Battle of Britain, invasion of Yugoslavia (NSDAP rulw Germany and Axis allies via Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Albania), Battle of the Mediterranean, Battle of Greece, Battle of Crete, and 'Operation Barbarossa', including several barbaric sieges of large cities until the military initiative was won by the Soviet Union in summer 1943 - June - August/September 1944 'Battle of Normandy', the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II, launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings
Since 26 September 2021 change in German politics and the Social Democratic Party: 2021 élections fédérales allemandes ont lieu le 26 septembre 2021 afin de renouveler les membres du Bundestag. À l'issue de ces élections fédérales débutera la vingtième législature de la République fédérale d'Allemagne. Le Parti social-démocrate arrive en tête du scrutin, devançant les Unions chrétiennes qui réalisent leur plus mauvais résultat historique. Le système politique allemand - dessiné après la Seconde Guerre mondiale autour de deux partis majeurs s'appuyant sur de plus petites formations pour gouverner - repose désormais sur six mouvements politiques, ce qui oblige à envisager un gouvernement regroupant trois partis, une première depuis les années 1950. - Politische Positionen der Bundesvorsitzenden der SPD Saskia Esken - 8. November 2021: Saskia Esken, die aktuelle Parteivorsitzende, und Lars Klingbeil wollen die SPD künftig gemeinsam führen, das Präsidium stimmte einstimmig zu, das Personal wurde dem Parteivorstand vorgeschlagen, und am 10.-12. Dezember wird auf einem Parteitag auch die SPD-Führung gewählt
7 December 2022 members of German far-right terrorist group arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état: On 7 December 2022, 25 members of a far-right terrorist group were arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état in Germany. The group, called 'Patriotic Union' which was led by a 'Council', is connected with Germany's far-right extremist Reichsbürger movement. The groups aim to reestablish a monarchist government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich, with the government being similar to the German Empire. The 'Patriotic Union' reportedly wanted to provoke chaos and a civil war in Germany in order for it to take power. Over 3,000 police and special forces searched 130 locations throughout Germany and made several arrests, including Heinrich Prinz Reuss, a descendant of the House of Reuß, as well as former Alternative for Germany AfD MP Birgit Malsack-Winkemann. The group also included active military and police personnel. The operation against the group is considered to be the largest in Germany's history, and the Public Prosecutor General Peter Frank declared the group to be a terrorist organization. - Reichsbürgerbewegung, a label for several anticonstitutional/revisionist groups and individuals in Germany and elsewhere who reject the legitimacy of the Federal Republic of Germany in favour of the second German Empire (1871–1918) and the 'German Reich' (1919–1933/45). 21st century's authorities estimate that 21,000 people belong to the movement in Germany, as of July 2021.


History of Baden-Württemberg: History of Baden-Württemberg
Economy,agriculture and environment in Baden-Württemberg: Economy,agriculture and environment in Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Baden-Württemberg: Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Timeline of Stuttgart: Timeline of Stuttgart
20th century Stuttgart: 20th century Stuttgart
Politics and state elections in Baden-Württemberg: State elections in Baden-Württemberg
Since 1962 Nazigeneral 'Rommel-Kaserne' in Dornstadt: Since 1962 'Rommel-Kaserne' in Dornstadt, named to honour Nazigeneral Rommel
Cities in Bavaria: Cities in Bavaria
Munich Metropolitan Region: Munich Metropolitan Region
Timeline of Munich since 1158: Timeline of Munich since 1158
20th century timeline of Munich: 20th century timeline of Munich
21st century timeline of Munich: 21st century timeline of Munich
Timeline of Nuremberg since Middle Ages: Timeline of Nuremberg since Middle Ages
1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg's prosperity, target of wars: 1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg — independent city-state — within the Holy Roman Empire, after Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in the High Middle Ages, leading to the economic and cultural flowering of the city and surrounding areas in the 15th and 16th centuries, making it the center of the German Renaissance also with increased trade routes and therefore becoming a target for in the coming periods of war, as the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars
Organization of medieval 'Free imperial city' states: Organization and development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in Europe
Since 1844 Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof: 1844 Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof opens
20th century Nuremberg: 20th century Nuremberg
Since 1945 SS-commander Bach-Zelewski never faced trial for any war crimes: Since August 1945 SS commander of NSDAP-ruled Germany Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski - who in 1944 led the brutal suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, as since 1941 the forces under von dem Bach numbered 14,953 Germans, mostly officers and unteroffiziere, and 238,105 local 'volunteers', as war crime victims were also executed by local collaborators under Nazi command - never faced trial for any war crimes, in reported exchange for his testimony against his former superiors at the Nuremberg trials, and similarly, he never faced extradition to Poland or to the USSR, as of the sentences against the war criminal referred to his role in Poland, in the Soviet Union, or his participation in the Holocaust, although he openly denounced himself as a mass murderer, and as his evidence for the defence at the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel in May 1961 was to the effect that operations in the Soviet-Union and Poland were conducted by 'Operations Units of the Security Police' and were not subject to the orders of Adolf Eichmann's office, nor was Eichmann able to give orders to the officers in charge of these units, who were responsible for the murder of Jews and Gypsies
Since 1932 von Stauffenberg agreed with the Nazi party's racist and nationalistic aspects, later supporting and committing war crimes: Since 1932 during the German presidential election leutnant Claus von Stauffenberg agreed with the Nazi Party's racist and nationalistic aspects, had supported the German colonization of Poland and made extremist remarks regarding Polish Jews, and voiced support for Hitler, saying 'the idea of the Führer principle bound together with a Volksgemeinschaft .., the racial thought (Rassengedanke), and the will towards a new German-formed legal order appears to us healthy', later his regiment took part in the attack on Poland, and he supported the occupation of Poland, its handling by the Nazi regime, the use of Poles as slave workers, later Stauffenberg's unit was reorganized into a Panzer Division, and he served as an officer on the General Staff in the Battle of France, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class, then in 1943, Stauffenberg was promoted to Oberstleutnant of the general staff, was sent to Africa to join GFM Rommel launching his offensive against British, USA and French forces in Tunisia, later receiving multiple severe wounds in an airstrike, then beginning to change some of his views towards Hitler
1923-1925 Heinrich Himmler, involved in the 'Beer Hall Putsch', became SS-leader, rise in the SS: Heinrich Luitpold Himmler, born in Munich in 1900 into a teacher's (Gebhard Himmler) Roman Catholic family and as Heinrich's name was that of his godfather Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler, as Himmler later admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group 'Bund Reichskriegsflagge', becoming in 1922 more interested in the 'Jewish question', as after the murder of FM Walther Rathenau on 24 June Himmler took part in demonstrations against the treaty of Versailles and joined the NSDAP in August 1923, and then - as a member of German military officer Röhm's paramilitary unit 'Sturmabteilung SA' - Himmler was involved in the 'Beer Hall Putsch', then - sfter NSDAP party was re-founded in February 1925 - Himmler joined the 'Schutzstaffel SS' as an SS-leader
Since 23 March 1933 'Enabling Act' and more: 'Enabling Act of 1933', passed in both the Reichstag and Reichsrat on 23 March 1933, as on 30 January 1934 the policy of Gleichschaltung brought an end to the Reichsrat, transferring the states' powers to the Reich, as it can be argued that this violated the 'Enabling Act' - 'Gleichschaltung' and 'legal basis', the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society and societies occupied by Nazi Germany 'from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education' - June/July 1934 'Night of the Long Knives'. after chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Röhm and the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazis' paramilitary organization
Since 1933 Munich's 'Academy for German Law' on the initiative of Hans Frank, Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser: Academy for German Law (Akademie für deutsches Recht) was an institute founded in 1933 in Nazi Germany on the initiative of Hans Frank, born in 1900 to the lawyer Karl Frank and his wife Magdalena, later graduated from high school at the renowned Maximilians gymnasium in Munich, then joined the German empire's army in WWI, studied law and economics from 1919 at the University of Munich (also at the University of Kiel, again 1922-1923 at Munich obtaining his Dr. jur. degree in 1924, in 1919-1920 as a member of the Thule Völkisch society, serving also in the Freikorps under Franz Ritter von Epp's command and taking part in the crackdown of the Münchner Räterepublik. in 1919, then joined the German Workers' Party DAP at its beginning, evolving quite soon into NSDAP as Frank in 1923 became a member of the Sturmabteilung SA, joined the NSDAP in October and in November took part in the 8/9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch', the failed coup attempt intended to parallel Mussolini's March on Rome, fled to Austria, returning in Munich only in 1924, after the pending legal proceedings were stayed, then Frank rose to become Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser
Since 1919 Heinrich Müller became head of the Munich Political Police, since 1933/1939 chief of the 'Gestapo': Heinrich Müller - born in Munich in April 1900 to Catholic parents as his father had been a rural police official - was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel SS and police official after World War I, who joined the Bavarian Police in 1919, was involved in the suppressions in the early post-war years, became head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks, then in May 1933 was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933, then in April 1934 'Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes in Berlin, then in September 1939 during military's invasion of Poland - when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - Müller was made chief of the RSHA 'Amt IV' (Office or Dept. 4) Gestapo, remaining for the majority of World War II in Europe the chief of the secret state police of NSDAP ruled Germany, as Müller was central in the planning and execution of the Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe, named by the NSDASP party the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question' - Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich's career in the SS, born in 1904 in Halle an der Saale to composer and opera singer Richard Bruno Heydrich and his wife Elisabeth, as his father was protestant and his mother was Roman Catholic, as his forenames were patriotic musical tributes with 'Reinhard' referring to his father's opera 'Amen', and with 'Tristan' stems from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, then in the 1920th naval career, then since August 1931 in the SS, Gestapo and SD, since 1936 consolidating the police forces and leaving the Catholic Church in favour of the 'Gottgläubig movement'
Since November 2012 neo-Nazis charged with murders of 11 people mostly immigrants: November 2012: Federal prosecutors charge neo-Nazis with murders of 10 people, mostly immigrants and a police officer
Politics and elections of Bavaria: Politics of Bavaria - State elections in Bavaria
Elections in Berlin: Elections in Berlin
Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region since 1990: Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region since 1990
History of Brandenburg, former Prussia and Berlin: History of Prussia - History of Brandenburg state
Education in Potsdam: Education and research in Potsdam
1900-1990 history of Beelitz town: 1900-1990 Geschichte von Beelitz, als von 1908 bis 1942 der Deutsch-Israelitische Gemeindebund Berlin in Beelitz die Israelitische Erziehungsanstalt unterhielt, ein Heim für geistig behinderte Kinder und Jugendliche, die einzige jüdische heilpädagogische Einrichtung in Deutschland. Im Jahre 1937 wurden dort noch 56 Mädchen und Jungen betreut. Im April und Juni 1942 wurden die Kinder und ihre Erzieher in zwei Transporten in das Ghetto Warschau und in das Vernichtungslager Sobibor deportiert. Am Gymnasium in der Karl-Liebknecht-Straße erinnert seit Ende der 1990er Jahre eine Gedenktafel mit dem Davidstern an ihr Schicksal. Seit den 30iger Jahre wurde die sogenannte 'Tannenbaum-Antenne' (collinear antenna array) weltweit bekannt, die aus einer Zusammenschaltung von 96 Einzeldipolen bestand, welche an 75 m hohen Stahlmasten aufgehängt waren. All das diente dazu, möglichst störungsfreie Signale zu erhalten, die per Kabel nach Berlin zum HTA bzw. zum Fernsprechamt übertragen wurden. Die Funkempfangsstelle Beelitz war somit Teil des weltweiten postalischen Fernmeldenetzes. Seit 1930 entstand der Begriff, daß Beelitz das 'Ohr zur Welt' sei. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden über die Funkempfangsstelle Beelitz die Funkverbindungen für die DDR-Post unter anderem mit Moskau, Peking, Shanghai, Kairo, Helsinki, Budapest, Belgrad, Ulan Bator, Pjöngjang und Havanna hergestellt.
Demographics of Frankfurt (Oder): Demographics of Frankfurt (Oder)
Since 1933 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe, then in Spanish fascists' war: 30 April 2020: James S. Corum explains how Germany's Luftwaffe and 'Legion Condor 1936–39' develop Blitzkrieg in Franco's war, showing 1936 - 1939 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe in Spanish fascists' war against the Republic, to hone and develop their tactics, train their officers, and to become the most practised air force in the world at conducting close support of ground troops, as in effect this proved to be the training ground for the 'Blitzkrieg' which would be unleashed across Europe in the years that followed - In July 1936 'Reich Air Travel Ministry' used Ju 52s, flown by 'Deutsche Luft Hansa' pilots to carry the Franco's army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain, as this mission became known as 'Operation Magic Fire', and as since October 1936 the 'Kriegsmarine' provided various surface ships, coordinated the movement of German supplies to Spain, dispatched German U-boats to Spanish waters - Since 17 July 1936 history of NSDAP's military aid to Spain
Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres' building systems for new wars of aggression in Zossen's 'Wünsdorf': Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres', the High Command of the German Army during NSDAP ruled German empire, founded as a part of Hitler's re-militarisation of Germany contrary to all international treaties and obligations since 1914-1918 WWI, as from 1938 OKH was, together with OKL (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, High Command of the Air Force) and OKM (Oberkommando der Marine, High Command of the Navy), formally subordinated to the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, High Command of the Armed Forces), with the exception of the Waffen-SS, located in Zossen town's - about 30 kilometres south of Berlin - 'Wünsdorf', hosting the underground headquarters of the German Wehrmacht (OKW) and Army's High Command (OKH), where since 1933 independent armored penetrations were trained and executed by the Germans, a technique later called 'Blitzkrieg', using innovative combined arms tactics and also radios in all of the tanks to provide a new level of tactical flexibility and power, and where since 1937 bunker systems were built - Since 1938 'Oberkommando der Wehrmacht', the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of NSDAP ruled Germany and replacing the 'Reich War Ministry', having nominal oversight over the 'Heer' (army), the 'Kriegsmarine' (navy), and the 'Luftwaffe' (air force)
January 2010 neo-Nazi arson attack in Zossen, and 2011 second trial: 20. Januar 2010: Plötzlich stand das Gebäude einer brandenburgischen Bürgerinitiative in Zossen in Flammen, wo sich im Inneren eine Ausstellung über das jüdische Leben im Ort befand, und nun hat ein Rechtsextremer zugegeben, das Feuer gelegt zu haben - Im Januar 2010 brannte das von dem gegen rechtsextreme Umtriebe in der Stadt engagierten Verein 'Zossen zeigt Gesicht' genutzte Haus der Demokratie nach Brandstiftung durch einen jugendlichen neo-Nazi ab, Reste wurden wenige Wochen später abgerissen, dann wurde der Täter wurde aufgrund mangelnder Reife freigesprochen, aber später wurde Daniel T., der den Jugendlichen angestiftet hatte, am 1. Dezember 2011 u. a. wegen Anstiftung zur Brandstiftung und Volksverhetzung zu 3 Jahren und 8 Monaten Haft verurteilt
Brandenburg elections: Elections in Brandenburg
September 2019 Brandenburg state election: 1 September 2019 Brandenburg state election
18 January 1871 Berlin becomes capital of the German Empire: Since 18 January 1871 Berlin becomes capital of the newly unified German Empire
Since 1930s Gestapo Heinrich Müller in Berlin: Heinrich Müller - born in Munich in April 1900 to Catholic parents as his father had been a rural police official - was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel SS and police official after World War I, who joined the Bavarian Police in 1919, was involved in the suppressions in the early post-war years, became head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks, then in May 1933 was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933, then in April 1934 'Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes in Berlin, then in September 1939 during military's invasion of Poland - when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - Müller was made chief of the RSHA 'Amt IV' (Office or Dept. 4) Gestapo, remaining for the majority of World War II in Europe the chief of the secret state police of NSDAP ruled Germany, as Müller was central in the planning and execution of the Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe, named by the NSDASP party the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question'
Since 1930s Gestapo personnel and some known operations: Gestapo personnel and some operatons
Since 1933 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe, then in Spanish fascists' war: 30 April 2020: James S. Corum explains how Germany's Luftwaffe and 'Legion Condor 1936–39' develop Blitzkrieg in Franco's war, showing 1936 - 1939 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe in Spanish fascists' war against the Republic, to hone and develop their tactics, train their officers, and to become the most practised air force in the world at conducting close support of ground troops, as in effect this proved to be the training ground for the 'Blitzkrieg' which would be unleashed across Europe in the years that followed - In July 1936 'Reich Air Travel Ministry' used Ju 52s, flown by 'Deutsche Luft Hansa' pilots to carry the Franco's army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain, as this mission became known as 'Operation Magic Fire', and as since October 1936 the 'Kriegsmarine' provided various surface ships, coordinated the movement of German supplies to Spain, dispatched German U-boats to Spanish waters - Since 17 July 1936 history of NSDAP's military aid to Spain
Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres' building systems for wars of aggression, near Berlin: Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres', the High Command of the German Army during NSDAP ruled German empire, founded as a part of Hitler's re-militarisation of Germany contrary to all international treaties and obligations since 1914-1918 WWI, as from 1938 OKH was, together with OKL (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, High Command of the Air Force) and OKM (Oberkommando der Marine, High Command of the Navy), formally subordinated to the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, High Command of the Armed Forces), with the exception of the Waffen-SS, located in Zossen town's - about 30 kilometres south of Berlin - 'Wünsdorf', hosting the underground headquarters of the German Wehrmacht (OKW) and Army's High Command (OKH), where since 1933 independent armored penetrations were trained and executed by the Germans, a technique later called 'Blitzkrieg', using innovative combined arms tactics and also radios in all of the tanks to provide a new level of tactical flexibility and power, and where since 1937 bunker systems were built - Since 1938 'Oberkommando der Wehrmacht', the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of NSDAP ruled Germany and replacing the 'Reich War Ministry', having nominal oversight over the 'Heer' (army), the 'Kriegsmarine' (navy), and the 'Luftwaffe' (air force)
May 1945 Estrongo Nachama from Thessaloniki stays in Berlin: Mai 1945: Als die Rote Armee Ende 1944 auf Auschwitz zurückte, wurden die Häftlinge nach Sachsenhausen gebracht. Estrongo Nachama aus Thessaloniki gehörte zu den 12.000, die von dort aus im Frühling 1945 den berüchtigten 'Todesmarsch' nach Mecklenburg antreten mußten. Nur ganz wenige überlebten diese Tortur. Nach seiner Befreiung durch sowjetische Truppen traf er im Mai in Berlin ein. Der Zug, der nach Griechenland hätte fahren sollen, blieb in der Stadt, die Eisenbahnlinien waren zerschlagen. - 15. Januar 2000: Estrongo Nachama, Oberkantor der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Berlin, ist gestorben. Der in Thessaloniki Geborene musste für die Nazis singen und verlor vorübergehend seine Stimme. Nach der Shoah blieb er im Land der Täter und belebte den Synagogengesang neu.
1948 deterioration in inter-Allied cooperation within the council and breakdown: 1948 deterioration in inter-Allied cooperation within the council and breakdown
Since 1949 Berliner Ensemble after Brechts exile in the USA: Since 1949 'Berliner Ensemble', a German theatre company established by actress Helene Weigel and her husband playwright Bertolt Brecht in East Berlin, as in the time after Brecht's exile in the USA the company first worked at 'Deutsches Theater' and in 1954 moved to the 'Theater am Schiffbauerdamm', that was open for the 1928 premiere of 'The Threepenny Opera', since 1949 premiering with 'Mother Courage and Her Children' written in 1939, followed by 'The Caucasian Chalk Circle' written in 1944, 'Life of Galileo' written in 1938 and receiving its first theatrical production in German at the Zurich Schauspielhaus since September 1943, 'The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui' written in 1941, and 'Schweyk in the Second World War' written by Brecht in 1943 while in exile in California - Seit 1933 verließen Verfolgte und Entrechtete das NSDAP beherrschte Deutsche Reich zu Hunderttausenden (500.000 Menschen, einschließlich Lehrer und Erzieher, Publizisten, Schriftsteller, Wissenschaftler etc.), 360.000 der Exilanten stammten aus Deutschland, nach dem Anschluss Österreichs 1938 kamen ungefähr 140.000 Österreicher hinzu, wobei der weitaus größte Teil von ihnen (zwischen 80 und 90 %) jüdischer Abstammung war, und wobei mit dem Schritt in das Exil die Menschen versuchten, einer drohenden Inhaftierung, Verbringung in ein Konzentrationslager und Tötung zu entgehen - daß dies trotzdem geschehen konnte, zeigt z.B. das Schicksal von Anne Frank azs Frankfurt in Holland, Felix Nussbaum aus Osnabrück in Belgien im Juni 1944 von der Wehrmacht inhaftiert und nach Auschwitz-Birkenau gebracht -, und am 23. Oktober 1941 das 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' unter Heinrich Himmler ein generelles Ausreiseverbot für Juden erlassen hatte, seitdem das NS-Regime seit 1938 in der Tschechoslowakei und seit 1939 in Polen und dann weiter den Massenmord begonnen hatte
June–November 1961 Berlin Crisis: June–November 1961 Berlin Crisis, the last major politic-military European incident of the Cold War about the occupational status of the former German capital city Berlin and of post–World War II Germany, as the crisis started when the USSR launched an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of all armed forces from Berlin including the Western armed forces in West Berlin and as the crisis culminated in the city's de facto partition with the East German erection of the Berlin Wall, and as the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union — the last to be attended by the Communist Party of China — was held in Moscow during the crisis - June 1961 Vienna Summit and the Berlin question, following the 1960 USA election and the January 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy, until the summer 1963 political crisis in the USA and his 22 November 1963 assassination in Texas, with an enormous impact on USA's public contributing to a growing distrust of governmental institutions, as the suspected perpetrator Lee Harvey Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby on 24 November, and as Kennedy was succeeded as president by Lyndon Johnson until January 1969
In and since the 1960s social and new political movements in Germany: In and since the 1960s social and new political movements, grewing as younger people became disillusioned with the political 'establishment', worrying it was reminiscent of German empire's NSDAP rule past, as West Berlin became a center for these movements since many pensive and critical, 'left' leaning people would take residence in West Berlin to avoid the military draft that was in effect in the rest of West Germany - 1960s-1970s 'Außerparlamentarische Opposition' (German for extra-parliamentary opposition, commonly known as the APO), a political protest movement in West Germany forming a central part of the German student movement, as its membership consisted mostly of young people disillusioned with the grand coalition (Große Koalition) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and as - since the coalition controlled 95% of the Bundestag, the APO provided a more effective outlet for student (and more) dissent
1 May 1968 may demonstration in Westberlin: 1. Mai 1968 in Westberlin, als im SDS Ende der sechziger Jahre das 'Kapital' von Karl Marx gelesen wurde um theoretische Grundlagen für die Überwindung des Kapitalismus und den Übergang zum Sozialismus zu entwickeln. Einer der Mitstreiter: Rudi Dutschke aus Luckenwalde, DDR, der nach dem Mauerbau in West-Berlin studierte. Viele aktive Theoretiker waren es nicht. Aber nach dem Mord an Benno Ohnesorg am 2. Juni 1967 änderte sich auf einen Schlag die Stimmung der Studenten nicht nur auf dem Campus der Freien Universität in Berlin. Demonstrationen. Auseinandersetzungen mit der Polizei. Proteste gegen den Vietnamkrieg der USA. Rote Fahnen auf dem Kurfürstendamm in West-Berlin und Studenten, die dem kommunistischen Chef des nordvietnamesischen Vietcong huldigten, mit ihren Ho-Ho-Ho-Chi-Minh-Rufen. Die heiß diskutierten Notstandsgesetze, die der Bundestag schließlich im Frühjahr 1968 verabschiedete, heizten die Atmosphäre zusätzlich an und verschafften der außerparlamentarischen Opposition, der APO, ungeahnten Zulauf.
Since 1970s/1980s reconstruction of the system of political economy: 1977/78 Krise und Auflösung der 'Projektgruppe Entwicklung des Marxschen Systems' (Das Kapitel vom Geld 1973, Theorien über den Mehrwert 1975, Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie 1978) infolge politischer Intrige seitens des Projektleiters seit Sommer 1977 nach verletzter Eitelkeit, Gegenangriff mithilfe eines WG-Miglieds und Psychologiestudenten mit doppeltem Spiel, außerdem zu der Zeit unzureichender Quellenlage zur Geschichte Israels, des Militärstaats 'Imperium Romanum', dann - nach dessen Selbstauflösung trotz von seinen Ideologen ausgedachter christlicher Staatsreligion, ausgehend von nicht verstandener jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur - des 'Sacrum Imperium Romanum' bis 1806 und der Nationalstaaten bis 2021, und damit vor allem zur Geschichte der Privateigentumsformen, die heute den globalen Kapitalismus, den Weltmarkt und das Verhältnis reicher Länder zu Ländern mit Gemeinwesen, die die europäische Entwicklung mit seinen Privateigentumsformen (und entsprechenden Kriegen) nicht mitgemacht sondern nur darunter gelitten haben und leiden
Since 1970s non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace' and 'Greens' in West Germany: After in 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace', then in over 55 countries and and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, in the 1970s and 1980s in West Germany a 'Green Party' was formed to organize and accommodate the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, and after peace movement activists and other new social movements had previously been active in the 'APO', as later in 1983, the 'German Green Party' was elected into the Bundestag still in Bonn, where it stood for the concept of movement and change - until today seen in new social movements - and as within only a few years, the 'Greens' gained political influence amid growing knowledge of natural foundations and the unity of man and nature
Since October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital: 3 October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital of the 'Federal Republic of Germany'
4 May 1918 - 13 January 2000 Estrongo Nachama, from Thessaloníki to Auschwitz and Berlin: Estrongo 'Eto' Nachama, né le 4 mai 1918 à Thessalonique, mort le 13 janvier 2000 à Berlin) était un chanteur grec puis hazzan de la communauté juive de Berlin, un fils d'une famille de Juifs Séfarades expulsés d'Espagne en 1492, et qui se sont enfuis vers l'Empire ottoman. Jusqu'à l'expropriation des biens juifs en Grèce pendant l'occupation allemande, les Nachama respectent les règles originaires d'Espagne. Lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il rejoint l'armée grecque qui est défaite au printemps 1941. Au printemps 1943, toute la famille Nachama est déportée à Auschwitz - Estrongo Nachama wurde als Sohn des Getreidehändlers Menachem Nachama und seiner Frau Oro im nordgriechischen Saloniki (Thessaloníki) geboren; er entstammt einer Familie sephardischer Juden, die 1492 aus Spanien vertrieben wurden und ins Osmanische Reich geflüchtet waren. Etliche von Nachamas Vorfahren waren bedeutende Rabbiner und Talmudgelehrte, und die Erinnerung an die verlorengegangene iberische Heimat wurde in der Familie über Jahrhunderte gepflegt: Bis zur Enteignung jüdischen Besitzes in Griechenland während der deutschen Okkupation bestand bei den Nachamas der Brauch, den Schlüssel des ehemaligen Hauses in Spanien vom Vater auf den ältesten Sohn weiterzuvererben. Nach dem Besuch der jüdischen Elementarschule und des Französischen Gymnasiums trat Estrongo Nachama in das väterliche Geschäft ein und wurde Kantor der Synagoge in Thessaloniki. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde er zur griechischen Armee einberufen, die im Frühjahr 1941 innerhalb weniger Wochen von der deutschen Wehrmacht geschlagen wurde. Die Stadt Saloniki fiel dabei am 9. April. Im Frühjahr 1943 wurde die gesamte Familie Nachama nach Auschwitz deportiert, seine Eltern, seine Schwestern Matilde und Signora und seine Braut Regina wurden ermordet. Estrongo Nachamas sängerisches Talent und die Schönheit seiner Baritonstimme fielen nicht nur seinen Mitgefangenen, sondern auch den Wachmannschaften auf. Er war zeitlebens davon überzeugt, dass sein Gesang es war, der es ihm ermöglicht hatte, nicht nur Auschwitz, sondern auch den Todesmarsch der Häftlinge des Konzentrationslagers Sachsenhausen zu überleben. Am 5. Mai 1945 befreite ihn die Rote Armee in der Nähe von Nauen. Estrongo Nachama feierte von nun an dieses Datum als seinen 'zweiten Geburtstag'.
15 January 2022 Europe commemorates the 103rd anniversary of the summary execution of Luxemburg and Liebknecht: 15 janvier 2022 après dans l'oblast de Tcheliabinsk en Russie la ville de Roza été fondée en 1931 dénommée en sa mémoire, un collège de la ville de Lisses porte son nom en France, plusieurs écoles également, et la Ville de Paris a nommé un jardin à son nom, les jardins Rosa-Luxemburg - 9. Januar 2022: 'Und wer war dieser Liebknecht' fragt eine junge Polizistin vor der Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten am Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde, wohin ca. 2.400 Menschen gekommen sind for the annual demonstration in memory of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, commemorating the 103rd anniversary of their assassinations on January 15 1919, carried out on by the far-right Freikorps paramilitary at the behest of the Social Democratic Party SPD during the German revolution
2 December 2022 campaigners celebrate changing of colonial street names in Berlin: 2 December 2022: Campaigners who have fought for decades for Germany to confront its colonial past celebrated the renaming of Berlin places in tribute to figureheads who resisted forced rule in Africa, as Manga Bell Platz in the so-called African Quarter of Berlin’s Wedding district was renamed in memory of Rudolf and Emily Duala Manga Bell, a king and queen of Duala in Cameroon who fought against German colonialism. Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, who had been educated in Germany, was executed along with about 100 other people by German authorities in August 1914 after a sham trial - and after German empire's appalling attack against Belgium in its World War I. The square, a central part of the African Quarter, had until Friday been known as Nachtigalplatz since 1910, after Gustav Nachtigal, the German empire’s commissioner for west Africa who had a key role in the German colonisation of Togo, Cameroon and Namibia in the 1870s. Close by, Lüderitz Strasse, named after colonialist Adolf Lüderitz, a Bremen tradesman once celebrated as the founder of the German-Southwest Africa colony – now Namibia – was given the new name Cornelius Fredericks Strasse. Frederiks was a resistance fighter from the Nama people who was imprisoned in a concentration camp on Shark Island along with a group of almost 1,800 people in 1906. He died on 16 February 1907 from malnutrition and hypothermia. Some of the victims among those held with him were decapitated and their skulls sent to Germany for so-called racial scientists to carry out anthropological research on them. In a ceremony attended by the ambassadors of Cameroon and Namibia, as well as the current King Eboumbou of Douala and his wife.
Jews and Judaism in Berlin: Jews and Judaism in Berlin
Bremen state elections: State elections in Bremen
26 May 2019 Bremen state election: 26 May 2019 Bremen state election
14 May 2023 Bremen state election: 14 May 2023 Bremen state election
Since 1945 Hamburg after the Second World War: Hamburg after the Second World War 1939-1945
June and December 1982 Hamburg state election, Greens win 7,7%: 6 June 1982 Hamburg state election, Greens party wins 7,7% - 19 December 1982 Hamburg state election
June/July 2017 protests G20 against summit in Hamburg: G20 Hamburg summit protests June-July 2017 - 7–8 July 2017 G20 Hamburg summit in the city of Hamburg - 7 July 2017: Protesters reportedly clashed with police, torched patrol cars and blocked roads in the German city of Hamburg on Friday in fresh violence just before the start of the G20 summit - 7 July 2017: New York city mayor Bill De Blasio, one of Trump's sharpest critics, will take part in protests against the G20 summit in Hamburg and will be a keynote speaker on Saturday at a rally for human rights and democracy - 9 July 2017: Two nights of rioting, looting and transport chaos left many residents in Hamburg asking why their government had decided to hold the annual G20 summit with Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in a densely populated city with such a strong tradition of counter-cultural protest
1848-1849 National Assembly in Frankfurt in the German revolutions: National Assembly in Frankfurt in the German revolutions of 1848–1849
Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region and Frankfurt/Main: Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region - Frankfurt/Main city
Geography of Frankfurt/Main: Geography of Frankfurt/Main
Frankfurt/Main's Altstadt in the Medieval Period: Frankfurt/Main's Altstadt in the Medieval Period
Early 20th century's Frankfurt/Main's old town: Frankfurt/Main's old town in the early 20th century
1939-45 Frankfurt/Main's destruction in World War II, post-war period 'reconstruction', second destruction: Frankfurt/Main's destruction in World War II, post-war period with reconstruction and second destruction
Elections and mayors of Frankfurt-am-Main since 19th century: Elections and mayors of Frankfurt-am-Main since 19th century
7 November 2022 voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case: 7 November 2022: Voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case
1349 second Judenschlacht: The second Judenschlacht of 1349
1721 Ghetto Fire: The Ghetto Fire of 1721
July 1796 French Revolutionary troops, end of the Judengasse: Bombardment of 1796 by French Revolutionary troops and end of the Judengasse
1914 University Frankfurt and 1923 Frankfurt School and critical theory: 18 October 1914 University Frankfurt
9/10 November 1938 'Kristallnacht' in Frankfurt, followed by the Holocaust: 9/10 November 1938 Kristallnacht, as most of the synagogues in Frankfurt were severely damaged or destroyed by the NSDAP mob on Kristallnacht,including the synagogues at Alt Heddernheim 33, Börneplatz, Börnestraße, Conrad-Weil-Gasse, Freiherr-vom-Stein-Straße, Friedberger Anlage 5-6, Hermesweg 5-7, Inselgasse 9, Marktplatz Höchst, Obermainanlage 8, Ostendstraße 18, Niederhofheim'sche Synagoge, Schloßstraße 5, and Unterlindau 21, and as the deportation of the Jewish residents to their deaths in the East quickened in pace after Kristallnacht, as their property and valuables were taken by the Gestapo before deportation, and as they were subjected to extreme violence during transport to the stations for the cattle wagons which carried them east, as most ended up in new ghettoes established by the Nazis such as the Warsaw Ghetto before their murder in camps such as Sobibor, Belzec and Treblinka
Since 1942 Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II: Since 1942 Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II
20th century journalist and resistance fighter Emil Carlebach, opposing NSDAP dictatorship since early 1934: 1914-2001 Emil Carlebach a Hessian Landtag member, a writer, and a journalist, who was sentenced to 3 years in prison for spreading anti-fascist union publications, then in 1937 sent to Dachau concentration camp, then imprisoned at Buchenwald in 1938, where he was active in the illegal resistance organization, then was to have been shot by the SS on 6 April 1945 for his efforts in the camp revolt but was hidden by other prisoners and survived till liberation, then after the liberation of the concentration camp, the prisoners from Buchenwald chose him as their spokesman, later becoming the vice-president of the International Buchenwald Committee, as in 1947, without explanation, the USA Military Government (general Clay) in Germany revoked Carlebach's publisher's license despite he was also a co-founder of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime VVN (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes) - Publikationen von Emil Carlebach
1977 'Röderberg-Reformschule' becomes 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule Frankfurt/Main': 1977 'Röderberg-Reformschule' wird 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule Frankfurt/Main', politisch gewollt u.a. von SPD Mitgliedern die aus deutscher Geschichte, der Entwicklung zum 1. Weltkrieg und Ebert-SPD unterstützten Kriegsverbrechen - angefangen Juli/August 1914 in Luxemburg, Belgien und Frankreich (German 'Schrecklichkeit'), dann barbarischem 'Stellungskrieg' mit hunderttausenden von Opfern, geächtetem und unmenschlichen Chemiewaffeneinsatz seit 1915 in Belgien bis 1917/18 gegen und in Italien durch den späteren GFM Erwin Rommel, weltweiter 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - und dann den Verfolgungen von Kriegsgegnern (um sie mit allen Mitteln zum Schweigen zu bringen) bis hin zu den Morden von Friedenskämpfern wie Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Hugo Haase und vielen anderen - Verbrechen die der NSDAP den Weg ebneten und den NSDAP-Organisationen die Orientierung boten - kaum etwas gelernt haben
13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - 13 January 2022 Anwar Raslan sentenced to imprisonment for life and given a week to appeal the verdict, according to 'Wikipedia'
7 November 2022 voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case: 7 November 2022: Voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case
History and timeline of Wiesbaden: History of Wiesbaden
After WWII 'Schule in Klein-Auheim' in Hanau becomes 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule': In der Folge von WWII wird aus der 'Schule in Klein-Auheim' eine 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule', gewollt von Politikern die aus deutscher Geschichte, der Entwicklung zum 1. Weltkrieg und Ebert-SPD unterstützten Kriegsverbrechen - angefangen Juli/August 1914 in Luxemburg, Belgien und Frankreich (German 'Schrecklichkeit'), dann barbarischem 'Stellungskrieg' mit hunderttausenden von Opfern, geächtetem und unmenschlichen Chemiewaffeneinsatz seit 1915 in Belgien bis 1917/18 gegen und in Italien durch den späteren GFM Erwin Rommel, weltweiter 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - und dann den Verfolgungen von Kriegsgegnern (um sie mit allen Mitteln zum Schweigen zu bringen) bis hin zu den Morden von Friedenskämpfern wie Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Hugo Haase und vielen anderen - Verbrechen die der NSDAP den Weg ebneten und den NSDAP-Organisationen die Orientierung boten - kaum etwas gelernt haben


Economy and agriculture of Lower Saxony: Ecnomy of Lower Saxony, as the GDP of the state was 229.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 8.7% of German economic output, as agriculture, strongly weighted towards the livestock sector, has always been a very important economic factor in the state, as the north and northwest of Lower Saxony are mainly made up of coarse sandy soil that makes crop farming difficult and therefore grassland and cattle farming are more prevalent in those areas, as Lower Saxony is home to one in five of Germany's cattle, one in three of the country's pigs, and 50% of its hens, as wheat, potatoes, rye, and oats are among the state's present-day arable crops, as towards the south and southeast, extensive loess layers in the soil left behind by the last ice age allow high-yield crop farming, as one of the principal crops there is sugar beet, and consequently, the Land has a big food industry, mainly organized in small and medium-sized enterprises
Economy and manufacturing of Lower Saxony: Economy of Lower Saxony, as manufacturing is another large part of the regional economy, as the car maker Volkswagen with its five production plants within the state's borders still remains the single biggest private-sector employer, as due to the Volkswagen Law, which has recently been ruled illegal by the European Union's high court, the state of Lower Saxony is still the second largest shareholder, owning 20.3% of the company, and as thanks to the importance of car manufacturing in Lower Saxony, a thriving supply industry is centred around its regional focal points, as other mainstays of the Lower Saxon industrial sector include aviation, shipbuilding (such as Meyer Werft), biotechnology, and steel, as medicine plays a major role, as Hanover and Göttingen have two large University Medical Schools and hospitals and Otto Bock in Duderstadt is the word leader in prosthetics
List of regions of Lower Saxony: List of regions of Lower Saxony
Cities in Lower Saxony: Cities in Lower Saxony
Since October 1946 results of local elections in Lower Saxony: Seit 13. Oktober 1946 Ergebnisse der Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen
2011 local elections in Lower Saxony: 11. September 2011 Kommunalwahlen Niedersachsen
September 2016 local elections in Lower Saxony: 16. September 2016 Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen
September 2021 local elections in Lower Saxony: 12. September - 26. September 2021 Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen
Economy of Hanover: Economy of Hanover
Since 1333 Timeline of Hanover: Since 1333 Timeline of Hanover
1866 Hanover becomes part of Prussia: 1866 Hanover becomes part of Prussia
Since 1937 NDSAP mayors in Hanover, NSDAP's war since 1939 and the Holocaust in Hanover, Europe and northern Africa: After 1937 the lord mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP, as a large Jewish population then existed in Hanover, as in October 1938 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family with the Grynszpans' son Herschel in Paris at the time, learning of what was happening and driving to the German embassy in Paris and shootng the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, as the the Nazis took this act as a pretext to stage a nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht, the synagogue of Hanover, designed in 1870 by Edwin Oppler in neo-romantic style, was burnt by the Nazis, and in September 1941 a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began, and even before the Wannsee Conference Jews from Hanover were deported first to Riga, and fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the USA arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war, as after the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover


History of Brunswick (Braunschweig): History of Brunswick (Braunschweig)


Economy and transport in Osnabrück: Economy and transport in Osnabrück
History and timeline of Osnabrück: History of Osnabrück, as the city initially developed as a marketplace with its name referring to a bridge in the northwestern 'Osning' region, the name of the Teutoburg Forest until the 19th century, as the city later became a member of the 'Hanseatic League', as at the end of the Thirty Years' War 1618–1648, the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster, as the city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and German-Jewish painter Felix Nussbaum, whose work gives a rare glimpse into the essence of one person among the victims of the Holocaust, who was born in Osnabrück in 1904, was arrested in Belgium after German forces including Nazi-general Erwin Rommel attacked in 1940, was subsequently taken to the Saint-Cyprien camp in France, managed to escape, later again arrested in 1944 by German armed forces, sent to the Mechelen transit camp, sent to Auschwitz and was murdered at the age of 39, as in 1998, the 'Felix Nussbaum Haus' designed by architect Daniel Libeskind opened its doors to exhibit the artworks of Felix Nussbaum
Timeline of Osnabrück since 8th century: Timeline of Osnabrück since 8th century
1618/28-1648 catholic Imperial alliance's 'Petersburg' castle against Osnabrück's citizens: Seit 1618/28 'Petersburg', eine Zitadelle im Südosten der Stadt Osnabrück, die in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges 1618-48 bestand und helfen sollte, die Gegenreformation in der Stadt durchzusetzen. Die Bevölkerung von Osnabrück und der evangelische Rat der Stadt empfanden die Petersburg als Bedrohung und nicht als Bauwerk zum eigenen Schutz. Denn trotz des Protests der Bevölkerung wurde ein Teil der Stadtmauer gegenüber der Burg abgerissen, dadurch ließen sich von ihr neben Feinden von außen ebenso die Einwohner unter Kontrolle halten. Am Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges ebneten die Osnabrücker die Wälle der ihnen verhassten Petersburg ein. Die letzten Überreste verschwanden, als die Stadt im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert erweitert wurde. An die Festung erinnern heute die Straßennamen 'An der Petersburg' und 'Petersburger Wall'
24 October 1648 'Peace of Westphalia': 24 October 1648 'Peace of Westphalia', the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the 'Holy Roman Empire', closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. The Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III), the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire participated in these treaties. Leading English-language historian Joachim Whaley of the Holy Roman Empire mentions that later commentators such as Leibniz, Rousseau, Kant, and Schiller eulogized the Peace of Westphalia as the first step towards a universal peace, but he points out that 'their projections for the future should not be mistaken for descriptions of reality'.
1976–2000 timeline of Osnabrück: 1976–2000 Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück


Since July 1998 'Felix Nussbaum Haus' by architect Daniel Libeskind to exhibit the artworks of Felix Nussbaum: Seit Juli 1998 Felix-Nussbaum-Haus Osnabrück, ein Museum im niedersächsischen Osnabrück. Es beherbergt mit mehr als 200 Werken die weltweit größte Sammlung seiner Bilder Felix Nussbaum, die in wechselnden Auszügen gezeigt werden. Das Gebäude wurde nach den Plänen des amerikanisch-jüdischen Architekten Daniel Libeskind errichtet, wobei das Felix-Nussbaum-Haus das erste Gebäude war, das von ihm erbaut und eröffnet wurde, gebaut mit wohl überlegter 'Architektursprache' und Nussbaum-Brücke (Nussbaum-Bridge) vom Altbau zum Neubau - 4. Dezember 2017: Die Architektur des Libeskind-Baus erzählt deutsch-jüdische Geschichte - 3. august 2020: Der Museumspreis der Niedersächsischen Sparkassenstiftung geht an das Museumsquartier in Osnabrück mit dem gelungenen Zusammenschluss des Felix-Nussbaum-Hauses, des Kulturgeschichtlichen Museums, der Villa Schlikker und des Akzisehauses unter dem Leitthema Frieden
21st century timeline of Osnabrück: Seit 2001 Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück


Geography of Osnabrück: Geography of Osnabrück
Bramsche/Kalkriese archeaological museum: Museum und Park Kalkriese, ein archäologisches Museum mit angeschlossenem Freilichtmuseum im Bramscher Ortsteil Kalkriese am Wiehengebirge im Osnabrücker Land. Die Anlage wurde gegründet, da die Fundregion Kalkriese darauf hinweist, dass hier im Jahr 9 n. Chr. einer der Schauplätze der Varusschlacht zwischen Arminius und Varus gewesen sein könnte - Fundregion Kalkriese, ein Areal in der Kalkrieser-Niewedder Senke in Bramsche im Osnabrücker Land, in dem größere Mengen römischer Funde gemacht wurden. Es handelt sich neben dem Römerlager Hedemünden, dem Fundplatz Bentumersiel, dem Römischen Marschlager von Wilkenburg und dem Harzhorn um eine der wenigen größeren römischen Fundstellen in der Nordhälfte Deutschlands. Die Funde sind im Museum und Park Kalkriese ausgestellt - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald), described as the Varian Disaster by Roman historians, took place in the 'Teutoburg Forest' in 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, as the alliance was led by Arminius, a Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia, who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses


Economy of Lüneburg: Economy of Lüneburg
History and timeline of Lüneburg: History and timeline of Lüneburg
Since 956 Lüneburg in the Middle Ages and Hanseatic period: Since 956 Lüneburg in the Middle Ages and Hanseatic period
Lüneburg in the modern period to the end of the Second World War: Lüneburg in the modern period to the end of the Second World War
Institute of Ecology: Institute of Ecology
Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: Sustainable Use of Natural Resources - Leuphana Institute


Economy and infrastructure of Hamelin: Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur der Stadt Hameln
History and timeline of Hamelin: History and timeline of Hamelin, as the settlement started with a monastery, which was founded as early as 851 AD. A village grew in the neighbourhood and had become a town by the 12th century. In the 15th and 16th centuries Hamelin was a minor member of the Hanseatic League. The era of the town's greatest prosperity began in 1664, when Hamelin became a fortified border town of the Principality of Calenberg. In 1705, it became part of the newly created Electorate of Hanover, when the later King George I of Great Britain Prince of Calenberg inherited the Principality of Lüneburg. 1933-1937 the Nazi regime held the Reich Harvest Thanksgiving Festival at the nearby Bückeberg hill, to celebrate the achievements of Germany's farmers, as during the Second World War until May 1945 Hamelin prison was used for the detention of Communists, Social Democrats and other political prisoners. Around 200 died here, and more died in April 1945, when the Nazis sent the prisoners on long marches, fearing the Allied advance. Just after the war, Hamelin prison was used by British Occupation Forces for the detention of Germans accused of war crimes.


Transport of Rügen: Transport of Rügen - Rügen Airport
Towns, municipalities and villages of Rügen island: Towns, municipalities and villages of Rügen island
Economy and education in Bergen: Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur und Schulen in Bergen
Economy of Rostock: Economy of Rostock
Timeline of Rostock: Timeline of Rostock since 1218
Timeline of Rostock in the 20th and 21st century: Timeline of Rostock in the 20th and 21st century
History and timeline of Schwerin: History and timeline of Schwerin
Stralsund city: Stralsund city, officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund, in the Pomeranian part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern located at the southern coast of the Strelasund sound of the Baltic Sea separating Rügen from the mainland, as the Western Pomeranian city has been the capital of the Vorpommern-Rügen district since the 2011 district reforms, today the fourth-largest city of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and, together with Greifswald, Stralsund forms an Oberzentrum, one of four high-level urban centres of the region, as Stralsund in the Medival ages was granted city rights in 1234 becoming one of the most prosperous members of the Hanseatic League until in 1628, during the 'Thirty Years' War', the city came under Swedish rule and remained so until the upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars, as from 1815 to 1945 Stralsund became part of Prussian kingdom (dutch since 1526, kingdom since 1701, after knocked down 1848/49 revolution violently establishing a second German empire since 1870/71 to wage WW1 and WW2), as Stralsund city's main industries today are shipbuilding, fishing, mechanical engineering, tourism, life sciences, services and high tech industries, especially information technology and biotechnology
Education and transport in Stralsund: Education and transport in Stralsund
History and timeline of Stralsund: History and timeline of Stralsund
History of North Rhine-Westphalia: History of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia
1848-1849 Rhineland in the German revolutions of 1848–1849: Rhineland in the German revolutions of 1848–1849
September 2020 local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia: 13. September 2020 Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen
25 January 2021 NRW government explains its policy neither speaking Latin nor Kauderwelsch or Gibberish: 25. Januar 2021: Am 19. Januar 2021 haben sich 'Bundeskanzlerin und die Ministerpräsidentinnen und -präsidenten der Länder auf eine Verlängerung der bisherigen Corona-Maßnahmen bis zum 14. Februar 2021 verständigt', und NRW informiert die Menschen des Bundeslandes mit einer 'Verordnung zum Schutz vor Neuinfizierungen mit dem Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaschutzverordnung – CoronaSchVO) vom 7. Januar 2021 in der ab dem 25. Januar 2021 gültigen Fassung: Auf Grund von § 32 in Verbindung mit § 28 Absatz 1, § 28a Absatz 1, 3 bis 6, § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 6 und 24 des Infektionsschutzgesetzes vom 20. Juli 2000 (BGBl. I S. 1045), von denen § 28 Absatz 1 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 16 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) geändert, § 28a durch Artikel 1 Nummer 17 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) eingefügt, § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 6 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 26 des Gesetzes vom 19. Mai 2020 (BGBl. I S. 1010) und § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 24 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 23 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) geändert worden sind, sowie von § 10 des Infektionsschutz- und Befugnisgesetzes vom 14. April 2020 (GV. NRW. S. 218b) verordnet das Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales: § 1 Allgemeine Grundsätze (1) Zur Fortsetzung der Bekämpfung der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie und insbesondere zur Gewährleistung ausreichender medizinischer Versorgungskapazitäten werden mit dieser Verordnung Maßnahmen angeordnet, die die Infektionsgefahren wirksam und zielgerichtet begrenzen und Infektionswege nachvollziehbar machen. (2) Jede in die Grundregeln des Infektionsschutzes einsichtsfähige Person ist verpflichtet, sich so zu verhalten, dass sie sich und andere keinen vermeidbaren Infektionsgefahren aussetzt
3. März 2022 'Die Linke' 'solidarisch an der Seite der Menschen in der Ukraine': 3. März 2022 weltweite Protestaktionen gegen den Krieg in der Ukraine. Die Partei 'Die Linke' ruft zur Teilnahme auf.
15 May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election: 15 May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election via mixed-member proportional representation. 128 members are elected in single-member constituencies via first-past-the-post voting. 53 members are then allocated using compensatory proportional representation. Voters have two votes, the 'first vote' for candidates in single-member constituencies, and the 'second vote' for party lists, which are used to fill the proportional seats. The minimum size of the Landtag is 181 members. - Opinion polling for the May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election, as big changes happened since last summer 2021 - 4. Januar 2022: NRW-Grüne begrüßen zweite Amtszeit für Steinmeier, die überfallenen Bürger der Ukraine wollen ihn nicht im Land haben ab Februar 2022 wegen seiner Unterstützung des Putin Regimes
16/19 May 2022 results of NRW May 2022 state election: 16 May 2022: North Rhine-Westphalia - home to major cities Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen, Dortmund, Aachen, Bonn, Münster - state election results show the party of former CDU chancellor Angela Merkel receiving 35.7% of the vote to 27% of the second-place center-left Social Democrats SPD, The Greens 18.2%, the FDP 5.9% - 19 May 2022 polling from across Europe including all EU countries, updated daily - April/July 2010 'How Christian Teachings About Jews Paved the Road to the Holocaust', Gabriel Wilensky explains in his book publlished by Qwerty Publishers in April 2010, as Elizabeth Breau in her review says Gabriel Wilensky's book details the entrenchment of anti-Semitism throughout every era of Europe’s religious history since the birth of Christianity, and 'The Nazis simply had to light the match'
Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia: Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia
History and timeline of North Rhine-Westphalia: History of North Rhine-Westphalia
History of districts, cities and towns in North Rhine-Westphalia: History of cities in North Rhine-Westphalia - Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Aachen city: Aachen city, with around 249,000 inhabitants in 2020, the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, the westernmost city in Germany bordering Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, located between Maastricht in the Netherlands and Liège in Belgium in the west, as the Wurm River flows through the city, and as - together with Mönchengladbach - Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea - History of Aachen, as Flint quarries on the Lousberg, Schneeberg, and Königshügel, first used during Neolithic times 3000–2500 BC, attest to the long occupation of the site of Aachen, as do recent finds under the modern city's Elisengarten pointing to a former settlement from the same period
Timeline of Aachen: Timeline of Aachen
History, economy and timeline of Stolberg town: Stolberg town, first mentioned in documents from the 12th century, became an important centre of brass production when Protestant brass producers resettled to Stolberg from Aachen around 1600 to escape religious persecution and economic restrictions, as in the 20th century after two German empire's world wars Stolberg hosted the headquarter of German Neo-Nazi organization Wiking-Jugend ('Viking youth') - Im der ersten Zeit des 21. Jahrhunderts ist schließt die Wirtschaft und das produzierende Gewerbe Stolbergs große Industrieunternehmen ein wie die Schwermetall Halbzeugwerk GmbH&Co. KG, die größte Vorwalzbandproduzentin der Welt, weitere metallverbeitende Industrien wie u.a. die Bleihütte BBH, Glas und Pharmaprodukte herstellende Firmen, wobei wegen der beengten Tallage Stolbergs auch viele Unternehmen im Vichttal vor große Probleme gestellt waren und sind - 2021 Hochwasser im Vichttal - Seit Juli 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa mit schweren Sturzfluten bzw. Überschwemmungen in mehreren Flußgebieten, besonders in Teilen Belgiens, der Niederlande, Österreichs, der Schweiz, in etlichen deutschen Bundesländern wie NRW, und weiterer angrenzender Länder, vor allem der European Union
About 313 Catholic diocese of Cologne established: About 313 (year of the first known Bishop of the diocese according to the chronology of ecclesial jurisdictions of Germany) Catholic Diocese of Cologne, followed by Mainz, Trier (Moselle), Strasbourg in the Rhine valley - In February 313 Roman emperor Constantine I met with Licinius in Milan to develop the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression - 285-315 Maternus of Cologne, first known bishop of Cologne, founder of the diocese of Tongeren, active during the period of the Donatist controversy, as in 313 Maternus and other bishops were summoned to Rome by Emperor Constantine to consult regarding the status of Bishop Caecilianus of Carthage, also taking part in the Synod of Arles in 314 while a legend grew in Trier concerning Maternus and a popular cult developed in Cologne - May-August 325 First Council of Nicaea of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325, as this ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly, and as its main accomplishments were 'settlement' of the divine nature of 'God the Son' and his relationship to 'God the Father'
716 Battle of Cologne during the battles of the Frankish War 715-718: 716 Battle of Cologne during the battles of the Frankish War 715-718
1824 unfinished 'Kölner Dom': 1824 der unfertige Kölner Dom zur Zeit Heinrich Heines - 1843/1844 Heinrich Heine reist durch den Teutoburger Wald, spendet in Detmold Geld für den gerade begonnenen Bau des Hermannsdenkmals, und denkt - bei zu der Zeit noch unzulänglicher Quellenlage - auch darüber nach, was wohl geschehen wäre, wenn der Cherusker Arminius das Römische Sklavenhalterreich in einem Verteidigungskampf der Region zu Beginn des 1. Jhs. nicht besiegt hätte, bemerkt allerdings spöttisch 'Sie stelzen noch immer so steif herum, so kerzengrade geschniegelt, als hätten sie verschluckt den Stock, womit man sie einst geprügelt', reist nach einem Besuch des Geburtshauses seines Großvaters - der nicht Willy hieß - in Bückeburg weiter nach Hannover, um am Ziel seiner Reise in Hamburg sich bei seiner Mutter einzuquartieren, die - eine dortige Heinrich-Heine-Buchhandlung, eine 'Lange Reihe' mit manchen Fahrradfahrern glücklicherweise - einen Bahnhof leider noch nicht kennenlernen konnte, leider auch nicht die 'Rounds Mountain' (mit schöner Rundsicht), weil die 'Hamburg-American Line transatlantic shipping enterprise' erst in 1847 in Hamburg gegründet wurde
1942-1945 German city of Cologne bombed by the Allies during Nazi Germany's World War II: May 1942 - March 1945 German city of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids by the Allies during Nazi Germany's World War II
Government and mayors of Düsseldorf: Government and mayors of Düsseldorf
Timeline of Düsseldorf since 8th century: Timeline of Düsseldorf since 8th/12th century
Since Roman and 'Holy Roman Empire' Jews pushed into roles considered socially inferior such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending: Since the formation of the 'Holy Roman Empire' and Christian territorial states, restrictions upon Jewish occupations were imposed by Christian authorities, as local rulers and church officials closed many professions to Jews, pushing them into marginal roles considered socially inferior, such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending, occupations only tolerated as a 'necessary evil', as catholic doctrine held that lending money for interest was a sin, according to Jesus Christus and the so-called 'New Testament', and it was an occupation forbidden to Christians, amid constantly growing financial needs of the feudal lords, their wars, conquests and then gobal and colonial conquests including Portuguese and Spanish conquests, when catholics developped the 'Holy Inquisition' to detect 'conversos'
Since Roman empire's colonial conquests antisemitic laws in Europe and Germany: Since Roman empire's colonial conquests 'Antisemitisches Recht' (antisemitic laws) in Europe and Germany
Since 1285 St. Sebastianus 'Bruderschaft Kaiserswerth' militia: 1285 St. Sebastianus 'Bruderschaft Kaiserswerth' militia formed
1500-1808 expensive protection letters ('Schutzbriefe') for Jews to fill up sovereign's coffers: In den Jahren von 1500–1808 mussten die Düsseldorfer Juden - wie überall in Jülich und Berg - einen so genannten Schutzbrief vorweisen, um sesshaft werden zu können, wobei das Schutzgeld über die Landjudenschaft eingeholt und an die landesherrliche Kasse entrichtet wurde, und die meisten der erstmaligen urkundlichen Beweise kommunaler oder landesherrlicher Provenienz, die jüdische Familien in den bergischen, Düsseldorf benachbarten Städten belegen, fallen überwiegend in die Zeit nach 1500, wie beispielsweise für Mülheim an der Ruhr (1508), Solingen (1568), Ratingen (1592), (Düsseldorf-)Kaiserswerth (1611) oder für die Herrschaft Hardenberg (1678), ein großer Teil dann aber erst ins späte 17. und frühe 18. Jahrhundert
Since 1792 'Alte Synagoge' in Düsseldorf: Die Alte Synagoge in Düsseldorf, erbaut nach dem Vorbild der ältesten Synagoge Englands von 1699/1701, wurde am 24. März 1792 eingeweiht und später durch die Große Synagoge, etwas entfernt, ersetzt - Die Geschichte der Düsseldorfer Juden reicht in ihren Anfängen bis in das späte Mittelalter zurück, doch erst seit dem ausgehenden 17. Jahrhundert war eine dauerhafte Ansiedlung von Juden möglich, deren Gemeinde während der Industrialisierung stark anwuchs mit einen Anteil von rund 1% der Gesamtbevölkerung, in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus zerstört wurde als ein Großteil der Düsseldorfer Juden emigrieren mußte oder ermordet wurde, und ist mit ca. 7087 Personen als Jüdische Gemeinde Düsseldorf zu Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts die größte Gemeinde in NRW sowie nach der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Berlin und München und Oberbayern die drittgrößte Gemeinde in Deutschland
Since Middle Ages dates of Jewish emancipation, worldwide and in Germany 1812-1933: Dates of Jewish emancipation, since 1264 in Poland, since 1790 in the USA and in Prussia and the German empire 1812-1933
Since 1815 Prussians in power, crushed European revolutions and German empire: Kingdom of Prussia until 1918, a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918 - German Confederation ('Deutscher Bund'), an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806, as the German revolutions of 1848–49, motivated by liberal, democratic, socialist and nationalist sentiments, attempted to transform the Confederation into a unified German federal state with a liberal constitution, but the ruling body of the Confederation, dissolved on 12 July 1848, was re-established in 1850 after the revolution was crushed by Austria, Prussia and other states
1875 Düsseldorf premiere of the Missa Solemnis of L. v. Beethoven: 1875 Düsseldorf premiere of the Missa Solemnis of L. v. Beethoven
1903-1938 the 'Große Synagoge' in Düsseldorf, Leo Baeck and 'Galileo Galilei und das Ende des Mittelalters': 1903-1938 die Große Synagoge an der Kasernenstraße in Düsseldorf wurde im Jahre 1903 nach den Entwürfen des Architekten Josef Kleesattel im Stil der Neoromanik erbaut, am 10. November 1938 in Brand gesteckt und die Ruine wurde am 29. November desselben Jahres abgebrochen - Von 1907 bis 1912 amtierte Rabbiner Leo Baeck aus Leszno (Lissa) in Polen in Düsseldorf, wurde 1912 Gemeinderabbiner in Berlin, wo er ab 1913 auch als Dozent an der Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums wirkte, war Feldrabbiner im 1. Weltkrieg des Deutschen Reiches, wurde 1943 in das Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt verschleppt, wo er als 'Prominenter mit besonderen Rechten' lebte (während die 'Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland“ von der Gestapo geschlossen wurde), hielt, soweit bekannt, im Dezember 1944 im Ghetto seinen letzten Vortrag mit dem Titel 'Galileo Galilei und das Ende des Mittelalters', und starb 1956 in London
1898-1973 career of German lawyer Hans Josef Maria Globke and the Holocaust: Since early 20th century career of German lawyer Hans Josef Maria Globke (1898-1973) from Düsseldorf, who served as a judge in the police court of Aachen, then became vice police-chief of Aachen in 1925, then in December 1929 entered the Higher Civil Service in the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, then in November 1932 wrote a set of rules to make it harder for Germans of Jewish ancestry in Prussia to change their last names to less obviously Jewish names followed by guidelines for their implementation, then helped to formulate the 'Enabling Act' of 1933, which effectively gave Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers, then co-authored the official legal commentary on the new Reich Citizenship Law, one of the Nuremberg Laws introduced at the Nazi Party Congress in September 1935 which revoked the citizenship of German Jews, wrote a legal annotation on the antisemitic Nuremberg Race Laws that placed the NSDAP on a firmer legal ground, setting the path to the Holocaust, Globke designed the 'J' imprinted in the passports of Jews, had a leading role preparing the Law for the Defense of German Blood and Honor in 1938, then in 1940 asked for NSDAP membership, then Globke served as chief legal adviser to the Office for Jewish Affairs since 1941 headed by Adolf Eichmann and that performed the bureaucratic implementation of the Holocaust the Civil Status Act November 1937, Globke also served as chief legal adviser to the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior, headed by Adolf Eichmann, that performed the bureaucratic implementation of the Holocaust, then since 1949 in West Germany as CDU member second career becoming a high-ranking civil servant and politician as Secretary of State and Chief of Staff of the West German Chancellery from 28 October 1953 to 15 October 1963, responsible for running the Chancellery, recommending the people who were appointed to roles in the government, coordinating the government's work, and for the establishment and oversight of the West German intelligence service and for all matters of national 'security'
1933–1945 National Socialism and the Holocaust in Düsseldorf: Seit 11. April 1933 in Düsseldorf Verbrennung 'unerwünschter Literatur' durch die Deutsche Studentenschaft, unter anderem von Büchern Heinrich Heines, am 10. November 1938 wurden in der Pogromnacht die Synagogen auf der Kasernenstraße und in Benrath niedergebrannt, die jüdische Bevölkerung der Stadt wurde verfolgt und mindestens 18 Personen wurden ermordet, die Deportation von fast 6000 Juden aus dem gesamten Regierungsbezirk lag in den Händen des 'Judenreferats' der Staatspolizeileitstelle Düsseldorf, am 27. Oktober 1941 fuhr der erste Zug mit insgesamt 1003 Düsseldorfer und niederrheinischen Juden in die deutschen Konzentrationslager im besetzten Polen, über 2200 Düsseldorfer Juden wurden ermordet - 1933–1945 Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust in Düsseldorf, Globkes Heimatort und eine der Wirkungsstätten eines deutschen Juristen, der NSDAP und der SS
21st century Düsseldorf: 21st century Düsseldorf
Economy and transport in Wuppertal: Economy and transport in Wuppertal
Solingen city: Solingen city
2013 CDU's Helmut Kohl discussed secret plan with UK's Thatcher in 1982 to reduce number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%: 1 August 2013: Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl (CDU) discussed a secret plan with Margaret Thatcher in 1982 to reduce the number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%
Demographics of Duisburg: Demographics of Duisburg
Education in Duisburg: Bildung und Schulen in Duisburg
Harbours in Duisburg: Hafen in Duisburg - Schiffahrt Duisburg
Politics of Duisburg: Politik in Duisburg
Timeline of Duisburg: Timeline of Duisburg since 1290
Since 1845/46 Cologne–Duisburg railway: Since 1845/46 Cologne–Duisburg railway
1941-1945 Bombing of Duisburg in World War II: 1941-1945 Bombing of Duisburg in World War II
Education and schools in Oberhausen: Liste der Schulen in Oberhausen
Timeline of Oberhausen: History and timeline of Oberhausen
Timeline of Dortmund since 1005: History and timeline of Dortmund since 1005
21st century timeline of Dortmund: 21st century timeline of Dortmund
September 2023 Philipp Peyman Engel Chefredakteur der Jüdischen Allgemeinen in Dortmund: Seit September 2023 Philipp Peyman Engel Chefredakteur der Jüdischen Allgemeinen in Dortmund - 18. Oktober 2023: Nachdem die islamistische Terrororganisation Hamas - elf Tage nach den von ihr verübten bestialischen Morden an 1400 Israelis - zu weltweiten 'Protesten' gegen Israel aufgerufen hatte, kommt es auch im Ruhrgebiet u.a. in Duisburg zu antisemitischen Demonstrationen, 78 Jahre nach dem Ende des 2. Weltkriegs und 75 Jahre nach der Wiedergründung eines jüdischen Staates im sog. Nahen Osten - 24. Oktober 2023: Islamist plante Terroranschlag auf Pro-Israel-Demo in Duisburg - 29. Oktober 2023: Tausende Menschen haben am Samstag in NRW für Palästina und gegen die israelische Militäraktion im Gaza-Streifen nach den Angriffen der Hamas demonstriert. Demos gab es in Dortmund, Duisburg, Aachen und Lüdenscheid
1543 Bonn's printing press in operation, 1597 Bonn becomes capital of the Electorate of Cologne: 1543 Bonn's printing press in operation, 1597 Bonn becomes capital of the Electorate of Cologne
Since 1818/1822 19th century Bonn as town becomes part of the Rhine Province in 1822:
1841-1843 (1848/1849) mouthpiece of the democratic movement in Germany 'Rhenish Newspaper': 1841-1843 'Rhenish Newspaper', a 19th-century German newspaper edited most famously by Karl Marx. The paper was launched in January 1842 and terminated by Prussian state censorship in March 1843 - Unter Marxens Chefredaktion formulierte die RZ schnell radikale, revolutionäre demokratische Ideen. Sie wurde eines der wichtigsten Sprachrohre der demokratischen Bewegung in Deutschland. - 1848/1849 'New Rhenish Newspaper. Organ of Democracy', but soon suppressed by Prussian state censorship - Am 19. Mai 1849 stellte die Neue Rheinische Zeitung nach 301 Ausgaben ihr Erscheinen ein, nachdem die letzten Aufstände der Märzrevolution von Preußen im Rheinland niedergeschlagen worden waren. Marx ging erneut ins Exil, diesmal nach London
Since 1992/1994 'UN Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat' headquartered in Bonn: Since 1992/1994 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change - secretariat headquartered in Bonn - established an international environmental treaty to combat 'dangerous human interference with the climate system', in part by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. The treaty called for ongoing scientific research and regular meetings, negotiations, and future policy agreements designed to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner
21st century city of Bonn timeline: 21st century city of Bonn timeline
Timeline of Münster since 797, when first school was founded: Timeline of Münster since 797, when first school was founded
24 October 1648 'Peace of Westphalia': 24 October 1648 'Peace of Westphalia', the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the 'Holy Roman Empire', closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. The Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III), the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire participated in these treaties. Leading English-language historian Joachim Whaley of the Holy Roman Empire mentions that later commentators such as Leibniz, Rousseau, Kant, and Schiller eulogized the Peace of Westphalia as the first step towards a universal peace, but he points out that 'their projections for the future should not be mistaken for descriptions of reality'.
18th-20th centuries in Münster, World War II and postwar period: 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries in Münster, World War II and postwar period
Economy of Hagen: Economy of Hagen
History and timeline of Hagen: History and timeline of Hagen
Solingen city: Solingen city
2013 CDU's Helmut Kohl discussed secret plan with UK's Thatcher in 1982 to reduce number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%: 1 August 2013: Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl (CDU) discussed a secret plan with Margaret Thatcher in 1982 to reduce the number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%
Da agosto 1875 monumento della vergogna: Crimini di guerra della Wehrmacht furono quelli commessi dalle forze armate tedesche durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che tra il settembre 1939 e il maggio 1945 si macchiarono di innumerevoli crimini di guerra, crimini contro le popolazioni civili e violazioni delle norme internazionali che regolavano i conflitti armati, specialmente sul fronte orientale - 'Armadio della vergogna', un'espressione del giornalismo relativo a crimini di guerra commessi sul territorio italiano durante la campagna d'Italia (1943-1945) dalle truppe nazifasciste - Depuis 16 août 1875 monument d'Hermann ('Hermannsdenkmal' - 'sapere aude'), un monument situé en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie en Allemagne dans le sud de la forêt de Teutberg, qui se trouve au sud-ouest de Detmold dans le district de Lippe. Il se dresse sur le mont densément boisé de Teutberg qui s'élève à 386 mètres, au centre de la fortification circulaire de Grotenburg, mais c'est vers l'ouest et non vers le sud que la statue - inaugurée en présence de l'empereur Guillaume - est tournée - 9 CE 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' in the northern countryside of Osnabrück, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, as the alliance was led by Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia 'Arminius', who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. The very cruel battle reportedly (by contemporary historians) for many days is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania - List of ancient Germanic peoples
Since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' in Augustdorf: Since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne'
Bielefeld city: Bielefeld city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region with a population of 341,730 citizens in 2018 and the most populous city in the administrative region
History and timeline of Bielefeld: History and timeline of Bielefeld
April 2009 'Ravensberger Heimstättengesellschaft', USA Goldman Sachs real estate fund, modernization stopped, rents increased: 7. April 2009: Modernisierung gestoppt und Mieten erhöht, nachdem die westfälische Ravensberger Heimstättengesellschaft an den Immobilienfonds 'Whitehall', eine Tochter der USA Bank Goldman Sachs, verkauft wurde - 27. February 2011: Die LEG, zu der auch die frühere Ravensberger Heimstätte gehört, verfügt über 2.322 Wohnungen in Bielefeld. Die einstige Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft wurde 2008 von der damaligen CDU-FDP-Landesregierung an Fonds in der Regie der Großbank Goldman Sachs in New York verkauft. - Goldman Sachs controversies and legal issues - Goldman Sachs Unternehmenskritik, Hedge-Fonds-Verluste, Verschleierungen in der Europäischen Schuldenkrise und Einfluss auf die Politik, Vorwurf des Wertpapierbetrugs, Rolle bei den USA-Präsidentschaftswahlen, Rolle bei malaysischem Staatsfonds und Strafzahlung, Widerstand gegen Europäische Finanztransaktionssteuer, Ungesunde Arbeitsbelastungen
Health and healthcare in Gütersloh: Health and healthcare in Gütersloh
History and politics of the district of Gütersloh: 'Kreis Gütersloh', a district in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Osnabrück, Herford, district-free Bielefeld, Lippe, Paderborn, Soest and Warendorf. Its towns include Borgholzhausen, Gütersloh, Halle (Westf.), Harsewinkel, Rheda-Wiedenbrück, Rietberg, Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock, Verl, Versmold, Werther (Westf.), and also the municipalities Herzebrock-Clarholz, Langenberg and Steinhagen - 1941-1945 Stalag VI-K Senne was a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp, named after the natural region Senne, mainly a heath landscape, where the camp was located, near to the town of Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock in today North Rhine-Westphalia. During the war the camp held more than 300,000 Soviet prisoners of war, but also some French, Polish and Italians
Education in Lemgo today including research: Education and research in Lemgo
Timeline and history of Lemgo since 12th century: Timeline and history of Lemgo since 12th century when the city was founded at the crossroad of two merchant routes, as Lemgo then was a member of the medieval trading association 'Hanseatic League' of free or autonomous cities in several northern European countries such as the Netherlands, Germany and Poland, as during the Reformation the city of Lemgo adopted Lutheranism in 1522, whereas otherwise in Lippe, its spread was hampered until 1533 by the opposition of the then Catholic ruling Counts of Lippe, as in 1605 Count of Lippe Simon VI adopted Calvinism and demanded the conversion of Lemgo's citizens too using his monarchic privilege of 'cuius regio, eius religio' leading to a dispute with Lemgo, as the city defied the edict to convert to Calvinism, leading to the Revolt of Lemgo followed by the Peace of Röhrentrup in 1617, granting Lemgo the right to determine its faith independently, but during the 30 Years War on 15 October 1638 Lemgo was put under siege by a powerful combined army of Palatine and Swedish troops followed by the Battle of Vlotho near Lemgo - October 1636 Battle of Vlotho, a victory for the Imperial Army under the command of Field Marshal Melchior von Hatzfeldt, that ended the attempt by Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, to recapture the Electoral Palatinate - Oktober 1638 Schlacht bei Vlotho, Folgen für die europäischen Mächte die den Kieg in Mitteleuropa 30 Jahre lang führten und katastrophale Folgen für die Zivilbevölkerung, die Bauern, Handwerker, Kaufleute, also die Bürger mit ihren Familien - 1618-1648 Dreißigjähriger Krieg, ein Konflikt um die Hegemonie im Heiligen Römischen Reich und in Europa, der als Religionskrieg begann und als Territorialkrieg endete, wobei sich in diesem Krieg auf europäischer Ebene der habsburgisch-französische Gegensatz und auf Reichsebene der Gegensatz zwischen dem Kaiser und der Katholischen Liga einerseits und der Protestantischen Union andererseits entluden, während - gemeinsam mit ihren jeweiligen Verbündeten - die habsburgischen Mächte Österreich und Spanien neben ihren territorialen auch ihre dynastischen Interessenkonflikte mit Frankreich, den Niederlanden, Dänemark und Schweden vorwiegend auf dem Boden des Reiches austrugen, und wobei infolgedessen eine Reihe von weiteren Konflikten mit dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg eng verbunden waren - 1939-1941 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder' von Bertolt Brecht im schwedischen Exil verfasst und 1941 in Zürich uraufgeführt, das im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zwischen 1624 und 1636 spielt und die Geschichte der Marketenderin Mutter Courage erzählt, die versucht, ihr Geschäft mit dem Krieg zu machen, und dabei ihre drei Kinder verliert, wobei Brecht Abscheu vor dem Krieg vermitteln will und - im 20. Jahrhundert - vor der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft, die - d.h. deren herrschende Klassen mit einem von ihnen dominierten, beherrschten Staat, Regime und Militär - ihn hervorbringt
Since 799/1281 'Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn': History of the 'Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn' of the Holy Roman Empire from 1281 to 1802, after the 'Diocese of Paderborn' was founded in 799 by Pope Leo III (in the early years it was subordinated to the bishop of Würzburg), as since 855 the clergy had the right to elect the bishop, as the diocese included the larger part of Lippe, Waldeck, and nearly half of the County of Ravensberg, as in 1180 (when the Duchy of Saxony ceased to exist) the rights which the old dukedom had exercised over Paderborn were transferred to the Archbishopric-Electorate of Cologne, as under Bernhard II Bishop of Paderborn 1188–1203 the bailiwick over the diocese, which since the middle of the 11th century had been held as a fief by the Counts of Arnsberg, returned to the bishops, an important advance in the development of the bishops' position as a secular ruler in his temporalities, forming a Hochstift of imperial immediacy since 1281, 1807-1813 ceded to Kgdm Westphalia, then succeeded by the Kingdom of Prussia and Prussian province of Westphalia, since 1848-49 and 1870/71 establishing the second German empire, dominated by Prussia's military and political tradition, later waging World War I and II
Since 1851 'Sennelager' camp of the Prussian Army: Since 1851 'Sennelager' (camp on the Senne), when the Prussian Army used the area as a training camp for their cavalry, later expanding into a full training facility for the armed forces, most notably during the 1888–1918 reign of emperor Wilhelm II, as during World War I a POW camp here housed British and French soldiers as well as, in a distinct section, various civilians, merchant seamen, including many British trawlermen taken prisoner after German raiders sank their ships in the North Sea, as many of the fishermen came from Boston or from Grimsby in Lincolnshire, and as many were later transferred to Ruhleben internment camp near Berlin, remaining there for the duration of the war, as later during the German empire's World War II the 'Wehrmacht' used the village as a military loading station, and the village's railway station, as nearby
Since 19th century Sennelager Training Area, 'Truppenübungsplatz Senne': Sennelager Training Area and 'Truppenübungsplatz Senne' - also a military training area in Germany under the control of British Forces based in Paderborn Garrison - north of Paderborn, on the western edge of the Teutoburg Forest in the middle of the Senne, as the Stapel Exercise Area in Lage, north of Augustdorf, also belongs to the Sennelager Training Area within the boundaries of the following towns and villages Augustdorf, Detmold, Schlangen (Lippe), Bad Lippspringe, Paderborn, Hövelhof (Paderborn district) and Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock (Gütersloh district) and belonging to the German Government which discharges its responsibility through the Institute for Federal Real Estate, as the area was first used for military purposes at the end of the 19th century, and as Germany's 'Field Marshal Rommel Barracks' Augustdorf is located nearby - Ab 1936 entstand nördlich von Augustdorf zusätzlich der Übungsplatz Stapel, und 1941 entstand am Nordwestrand des Truppenübungsplatzes in Stukenbrock-Senne das Kriegsgefangenenlager Stalag 326, in dem bis zur Befreiung 1945 etwa 65.000 überwiegend sowjetische Kriegsgefangene ums Leben kamen, während auch im dazugehörenden 'Lager Staumühle' ab 1941 vorwiegend sowjetische Kriegsgefangene untergebracht waren - Ehrenfriedhof für die etwa 65.000 sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, die im Stalag 326/VI K Senne umgekommen sind, Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock Senner Straße
1941-1945 über 5 Millionen sowjetische Soldaten in deutsche Kriegsgefangenschaft und Massenmord: Zwischen 1941 und 1945 gerieten weit über 5 Millionen sowjetische Soldaten in deutsche Kriegsgefangenschaft, 3,3 Millionen sowjetische Kriegsgefangene kamen dabei um, annähernd 80.000 jüdische kriegsgefangene Angehörige der Roten Armee wurden ermordet, wobei Arbeitseinsätze sowjetischer Gefangener schon vor dem Führerbefehl vom 31. Oktober 1941 stattfanden, und - obwohl das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht OKW schon im März 1941 für die Wochen nach dem Überfall, den Sommer und Herbst 1941, mit zwei bis drei Millionen sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen gerechnet hatte - keine wenigstens einigermaßen ausreichenden Vorbereitungen für deren existenzsichernde Unterkunft und Versorgung getroffen worden waren, d.h. die Gefangenen kampierten überwiegend unter desaströsesten Bedingungen im Freien, mit absolut unzureichender Ernährung, schlechter Hygiene und kaum medizinischer Versorgung, so dass viele an Krankheiten wie Ruhr- und Fleckfieberepidemien umkamen, und wobei der Aggressor schon vor Kriegsbeginn im sogenannten Hungerplan den Hungertod so vieler sowjetischer Soldaten einkalkuliert hatte (Sterbelager), wobei Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene wurden auch in deutschen Konzentrationslagern inhaftiert wurden, etwa im KZ Sachsenhausen, und auf zahlreiche Arten ermordet wurden, wie z. B. mittels Genickschussanlage, Hängen, tödlicher Injektionen verschiedener Substanzen und Massenerschießungen (KZ Dachau, KZ Buchenwald), und wobei Menschenversuche mit sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen für das KZ Neuengamme (Tuberkulose) und für das KZ Auschwitz (Vergiftungsversuch an 600 Gefangenen mit Zyklon B) belegt sind, und wobei hunderttausende von ihnen heute – ebenso wie gefallene Soldaten der Roten Armee und sowjetische Zwangsarbeiter der NS-Zeit – auf sowjetischen Kriegsgräberstätten in Deutschland liegen z.B. in Schloß-Holte Stukenbrock, unzählige in Massengräbern verscharrt wurden und ihre Leichname teilweise nach und nach zum Vorschein kamen - 1941-1945 les crimes nazis contre les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques furent perpétrés par le 'Troisième Reich' pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en raison d'une véritable politique d'extermination, et ces exactions se situent à la suite de l'opération 'Barbarossa' sur le front de l'Est
September 2020 local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia: 13. September 2020 Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen
2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election: March 2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
14 March 2021: 2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election: 14 March 2021: 2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
Cities and municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate: Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate - Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Mainz city: Mainz city, the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate as most of the city is upstream of the Rhine before it flows west. The north of the city faces Wiesbaden, the capital of the neighbouring state Hesse, and the east the confluence of the Main. Mainz is an independent city with a population of 218,578 citizens in 2019 and today forms part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Mainz was founded by the Romans in the 1st century BC as a military fortress on the northernmost frontier of the empire and provincial capital of 'Germania Superior'. Mainz became an important city in the 8th century AD as part of the 'Holy Roman Empire', capital of the Electorate of Mainz and seat of the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, the Primate of Germany. Mainz is famous as the birthplace of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the movable-type printing press, who in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the Gutenberg Bible. Mainz was heavily damaged in NSDAP ruled German empire's World War II 1939-1945, as more than 30 air raids by earlier attacked and ambushed democracies, now in defense destroying also important cities to protect their citizens. Mainz is notable as a transport hub, for wine production, and for its many rebuilt historic buildings
Timeline of Mainz since 13 BCE: Timeline of Mainz since 13 BCE
20th century timeline of Mainz: Timeline of Mainz in the 20th century
19th century closed university refounded in 1946 by the French military government after World Wars I and II: In 18th/19th century and since the 1790s after capture and recapture by the Prussians, Mainz university activity came to a gradual standstill. Lectures in the department of medicine took place until 1823. Only the faculty of theology continued teaching during the 19th century, albeit as a theological Seminary (since 1877 'College of Philosophy and Theology'. The current Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz was founded in 1946 by the French occupying power. In a decree on 1 March the French military government implied that the University of Mainz would continue to exist: the University shall be 'enabled to resume its function'. The remains of warfare barracks erected in 1938 after the remilitarization of the Rhineland during the NSDAP ruled German empire served as the university's first buildings and are still in use today
Timeline of Mainz since 13/12 BC, when Roman fort Mogontiacum built: Timeline of Mainz since 13/12 BC, when Roman fort Mogontiacum built
Au Moyen Âge les sites SchUM de Spire, Worms et Mayence à l'origine de la culture ashkénaze en Europe centrale: Seit dem 10. Jahrhundert bildeten sich am Rhein jüdische Gemeinden, in Mainz Mitte des 10. Jahrhunderts, in Worms um 1000 und in Speyer spätestens 1084, vermutlich durch die Ansiedlung jüdischer Fernhändler aus Italien und Frankreich entstanden die enge Verbindungen zueinander unterhielten. Anfang des 11. Jahrhunderts stand der aus Metz stammende Gelehrte Gerschom ben Jehuda einer Talmudakademie vor, die als religiöses und geistliches Zentrum in Aschkenas galt. Als Die Weisen von Speyer wird eine Gruppe der zehn berühmtesten Gelehrten der Talmudschule in Speyer bezeichnet, in einem Verbund SchUM, Schin für Schpira (Speyer), Waw für Warmaisa (Worms) und Mem für Magenza (Mainz), der seine herausragende Stellung in Aschkenas (d. h. Deutschland) betonte. Der Verbund beeinflusste die Architektur von Synagogen und Mikwaot (Mikwen), prägte zutiefst Kultur, religiöse Strömungen und die halachische Rechtsprechung der mittel- und osteuropäischen jüdischen Diaspora - Les sites SchUM de Spire, Worms et Mayence regroupent trois villes de la vallée du Rhin qui possédaient d'importantes communautés juives coopérant entre elles au Moyen Âge, et reconnues comme étant à l'origine de la culture ashkénaze en Europe centrale. La grande époque des SchUM se termine après quatre siècles vers 1350, puisque ces grandes communautés sont effacées par la grande peste noire et les massacres. Par la suite, d'autres petites communautés s'y sont établies mais elles n'ont jamais regagné l'importance de leurs prédécesseurs
20th century timeline of Mainz: Timeline of Mainz in the 20th century
In 1946 19th century closed university refounded in 1946 by the French military government after World Wars I and II: In 18th/19th century and since the 1790s after capture and recaptured by the Prussians, Mainz university activity came to a gradual standstill. Lectures in the department of medicine took place until 1823. Only the faculty of theology continued teaching during the 19th century, albeit as a theological Seminary (since 1877 'College of Philosophy and Theology'. The current Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz was founded in 1946 by the French occupying power. In a decree on 1 March the French military government implied that the University of Mainz would continue to exist: the University shall be 'enabled to resume its function'. The remains of warfare barracks erected in 1938 after the remilitarization of the Rhineland during the NSDAP ruled German empire served as the university's first buildings and are still in use today
21st century timeline of Mainz: Timeline of Mainz in the 21st century
Education in Trier: Education in Trier
Economy and transportation in Trier: Economy and transportation in Trier
History and timeline of Trier: History and timeline of Trier
Trier in the modern age, 1848 revolution, repression and 1871 second German Empire: Trier in the modern age, as during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Trier's city council sent a letter to the king of Prussia, demanding more civic liberties, as the lawyer Ludwig Simon was elected to represent Trier in the first German parliament in Frankfurt, as Prussian soldiers killed one citizen and wounded others escalating the situation, as the people of Trier hoisted black-red-gold flags as democratic symbols, rang the church bells, organized a militia and took away the signs of Prussian rule, as a second melée between demonstrators and soldiers, which left two citizens dead, led to a collective outburst of fury with people building barricades and waving the red flag, as there were even reports that a statue of the Prussian king was smashed into pieces and Trier was on the eve of a civil war, when the commander of the VIII Prussian army corps arrived and threatened to shell Trier, as - after being confronted with superior Prussian military power - the citizens gave up and removed the barricades, as some citizens were jailed for their democratic intentins, as Ludwig Simon emigrated like many others and died in Switzerland, and as Trier became part of the German Empire during the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871
London 1867 Karl Marx - Ware und Geld und der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals: 1867 Karl Marx: Der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals, Erster Abschnitt Ware und Geld, Dietz Verlag 1968
History of Ahrweiler district since ancient times and in the 21st century: History of Ahrweiler district, as the region was conquered by the Romans under military leader Julius Caesar about 50 BC. Some hundred years later the Roman fort of Rigomagus (Gaulish for 'king's field') was founded, later to become the city of Remagen. The Vinxtbach, a narrow brook and an affluent of the Rhine, was defined as the borderline between the Roman provinces of 'Germania superior' and 'Germania inferior', as later during the middle ages towns were first mentioned in the 9th century, among them Sinzig and the eponymous village of Ahrweiler, first noted in the Land Register of the Abbey of Prüm in the 9th century - Jewish history in Ahrweiler town, as from the 13th century and on, there was a considerable Jewish community in Ahrweiler. In the 14th century, the Jews of the town traded in salt and wine, but the Jewish community - after the NSDAP came to power - were all taken away and relocated, some to concentration camps after 1933. No member of this community ever returned to Ahrweiler, and today, the town's old synagogue that was desecrated during 1938 Kristallnacht, is used for art displays - 21. Jahrhundert Geschichte des Landkreises Ahrweiler (history of Ahrweiler district in the 21st century)
Remagen town in the district of Ahrweiler: Remagen town in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in the district of Ahrweiler. It is about a one-hour drive from Cologne, just south of Bonn, the former West German capital. It is situated on the left (western) bank of the river Rhine. There is a ferry across the Rhine from Remagen every 10–15 minutes in the summer. Remagen has many notable and well-maintained buildings, churches, castles and monuments - Remagen, eine verbandsfreie Stadt im Landkreis Ahrweiler in Rheinland-Pfalz, am linken Ufer des Mittelrheins gelegen. Sie grenzt im Norden an den Stadtbezirk Bad Godesberg der Bundesstadt Bonn. Remagen ist Standort des RheinAhrCampus. Bekannt wurde Remagen durch die am 7. März 1945 von der US-Army eingenommene Ludendorff-Brücke (Brücke von Remagen)
Summer and July 2021 European and German flooding: 17 July 2021: During the summer 2021 European and German flooding, images before and after the precipitation show a never seen extent of flood damage from the Ahr and Eifel regions, as quaint villages of half-timbered houses scattered across narrow valleys have now been destroyed. - 17 July 2021: DW's Kate Martyr reports from the region and from Sinzig town, as residents say there was little warning - 22 September 2021: Heavy rains swept across western Germany in the summer 2021, as the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia were particularly hard hit, as were the neighboring countries of the Netherlands and Belgium in one of the region's worst natural catastrophes in recent generations, as many people died and many more lost their homes and belongings
Economy of Koblenz: Economy of Koblenz
Since 1990 University of Koblenz and Landau: Since 1990 University of Koblenz and Landau, a public university
Politics of Koblenz: Politics of Koblenz
Prior to 19th century timeline of Koblenz: Timeline of Koblenz since 9 BCE
21st century timeline of Koblenz: 21st century timeline of Koblenz
13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - Ende Januar 2014 veröffentlichten der britische 'The Guardian' und der Sender 'CNN' Informationen über einen Bericht von HRW, der sich auf Aussagen eines nach eigenen Angaben übergelaufenen syrischen Polizei-Fotografen stützt. Er habe alleine Bilder von 11.000 toten Häftlingen, die er selbst fotografiert habe, auf Datenträgern aus dem Land geschmuggelt. Einige der toten Häftlinge auf den Bildern hatten keine Augen mehr, andere seien augenscheinlich stranguliert oder mit Elektroschocks getötet worden. Viele Gefangene seien ausgemergelt gewesen, andere zeigten Spuren von Schlägen mit Stangen oder anderen Gegenständen.
History and timeline of Saarbrücken: History and timeline of Saarbrücken
1848-1849 Saxony in the German revolutions: Saxony in the German revolutions of 1848–1849
September 2019 Saxony state election: 1 September 2019 Saxony state election
Economy of Dresden: Economy of Dresden
Timeline of Dresden: Timeline of Dresden
1206 first documentation of Dresden: 1206 first documentation of Dresden
Economy of Leipzig: Economy of Leipzig
Since 1082 timeline of Leipzig: Timeline of Leipzig since 1082
Since the 12th century (at least) Thomaskirche: At the current site of the 'Thomaskirche' (from the Aramaic ta'am, from Hebrew t'óm, meaning 'twin') there has been a church at least since the 12th century, as foundations of a Romanesque building have been discovered in the choir and crossing of the current church - 1st century 'Didache' ('Teaching'), also known as 'The Lord's Teaching Through the Twelve Apostles' to the Nations, a brief anonymous early Christian treatise written in Koine Greek, dated by modern scholars to the first century - Likely prior to the Diocletian reform in AD 293, Roman Gaul Gallican Rite, a historical version of Christian liturgy and other ritual practices in Western Christianity, as rites first developed in the early centuries as the Syriac-Greek rites of Jerusalem and Antioch and were first translated into Latin in various parts of the Western Roman Empire Praetorian prefecture of Gaul - Ambrosian chant (also known as Milanese chant), the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Ambrosian rite (Ambrosius c. 340 – 397) of the Roman Catholic Church, introducing hymnody from the Eastern Church to the West, distinct from Gregorian chant - Mozarabic Rite developed before and during the Visigothic period 418-721, officially called the Hispano-Mozarabic Rite, a liturgical rite of the Latin Church once used generally in the Iberian Peninsula, in what is now Spain and Portugal - Dissemination and hegemony of Gregorian chant, that appeared in a remarkably uniform state across Europe within a short time, after Charlemagne, once elevated to Holy Roman Emperor, aggressively spread Gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power, requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death - Augustinians, Christian religious orders following the Rule of Saint Augustine, who developped a conception of 'original sin', emerging in the 3rd century and fully formed with the writings of Augustine of Hippo, becoming the first author to use the phrase 'original sin', as there are two distinct types of Augustinians in Catholic religious orders in the Middle Ages - Since 592 Benedictines, a monastic religious order of the Catholic Church following the Rule of Saint Benedict - Seit der Mitte des 9. Jahrhunderts entwickelte sich in europäischen Klöstern eine neue Art der Musikschrift für den gregorianischen Choral mit Neumen, welche man über den Text notierte zur Verbildlichung der Winkbewegungen des Chorleiters oder des Sängers (griechisch 'neuma'), wobei die älteste Quelle dieser Notation sich in der Musica disciplina von Aurelian von Réôme um 850 findet, unter Verweis auf die 'Musica Albini' (vor 800), diese unter Berufung auf die alten griechischen Autoren (graeca lingua auctorem) mit Darstellung von acht Tonarten, vier Grundtonarten ('authenticum'), und aus den vorherigen abgeleitet ('Plagi'), identisch mit der später zunächst aus acht Kirchentonarten bestehenden Tonordnung mit I. Dorisch, II. Hypodorisch, III. Phrygisch etc. - Der linienlosen adiastematischen Neumennotation wurden allmählich Linien hinzugefügt, zunächst zwei farbige Notenlinien für die Töne f und c, um die Halbtonschritte e–f und h–c zu markieren, dann, um auch die Tonschritte zwischen den Linien genau zu erfassen, fügte der Benediktinermönch, Musiktheoretiker und Lehrer Guido von Arezzo (992 in der Gegend von Paris - Mai 1050 in Avellana) zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts zwischen die f- und die c-Linie eine dritte Linie ein, und das Terzliniensystem, mit dem sich jeder diatonische Schritt genau bezeichnen lässt, war erfunden, ergänzt durch den Rat über oder unter die drei Linien eine vierte Linie zu setzen, dann verwendete Guido statt der Farben Buchstaben (c oder f) am Beginn eines Systems, um eine der Halbtonpositionen zu markieren, der Notenschlüssel war erfunden, und im praktischen Unterricht erfand Guido ergänzend die relative Solmisation, in der sowohl der Halbtonschritt mi-fa (oder e–f) als auch der Halbtonschritt si-do (h–c) mit den immer gleichen Tonsilben 'mi–fa' gesungen wird - Since 1123 celibacy was first required of some clerics of the Catholic Church at the First Lateran Council, as - because clerics resisted it - the celibacy mandate was restated at the Second Lateran Council in 1139 and the Council of Trent 1545–64, as Judaism - the religion of Jesus from Nazareth and reportedly the son of Maria and Joseph - strongly opposes celibacy - Seit dem 11. Jahrhundert und seit 1170 eröffnet die Notation komponierter Musik den Weg zur 'Ars antiqua', franko-flämischen Schule etc., indem es nun gelingt, diese Kunst, welche keine Gegenständlichkeit kennt und in der die Menschen sich und ihre sozialen Beziehungen - in der Herausbildung der christlichen Religion zum Abstraktum einer Trinität entwickelt - wiederfinden können gerade weil diese Kunst in ihrer lebendigen Gestalt keine Ware werden und wie die gesprochene(n) Sprache(n) nur in Gegenwart lebendiger Menschen (auch Nonnen und Mönche) existieren kann
Since 1409 Leipzig University and alumni: Since 1409 Leipzig University - List of Leipzig University people, including scientists, poets, musicians, and politicians - Since 1990 South African politician Jeffrey Thamsanqa 'Jeff' Radebe, born in August 1953, who studied at the University of Zululand and finished in International Law at the Karl Marx University in Leipzig in 1981, and was arrested in 1986 after returning to South Africa, and sentenced to a 10-year imprisonment on Robben Island, but released from prison in 1990 after a successful hunger strike and served as minister first under Nelson Mandela after the 1994 democratic elections and later - CDU's Angela Merkel, born 1954 and Chancellor of Germany since 2005, was educated at Karl Marx University in Leipzig, where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978, and then studied and worked at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin-Adlershof from 1978 to 1990 - Student finance of Leipzig University people
1723-1750 Johann Sebastian Bach in Leipzig: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) - a German composer and musician known for instrumental compositions such as concertos, for instance for violin, for harpsichord including 'The Well-Tempered Clavier', suites, chamber music as well as for orchestra, as many of his works employ the genres of canon and fugue, extensively for organ, for vocal music, such as the St John Passion, cantatas, the Mass in B minor, as since the 19th-century (Mendelssohn) Bach Revival regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time - since 1723 employed as Thomaskantor at St. Thomas) in Leipzig, now composing music for the principal Lutheran churches of the city, for festivities (e.g. Peasant Cantata, Coffee Cantata) in Leipzig and the region, for invitations by territorial lords, and for its university's student ensemble Collegium Musicum, including 'The Art of the Fugue' (which he continued to prepare for publication until shortly before his death) and 'The Musical Offering'
Since 1837-1839 Leipzig–Dresden railway: Since 1837-1839 Leipzig–Dresden railway
Since 1843 University of Music and Theatre 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Leipzig', 1850 anti-Semitism promoted by Wagner following failed revolutions: Since 1843 University of Music and Theatre 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Leipzig', a public university in Leipzig, founded in 1843 by Felix Mendelssohn as Conservatory of Music, the oldest university school of music in Germany - 1835-1847 Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in Leipzig, concentrated on developing the town's musical life by working with the orchestra, the opera house, the Thomanerchor, the city's other choral and musical institutions, and founded the Leipzig Conservatory in 1843 - 1850 anti-Semitic composer Richard Wagner, who fled from Dresden, holds that Jews are unable to speak European languages properly and that Jewish speech took the character of an 'intolerably jumbled blabber', a 'creaking, squeaking, buzzing snuffle', incapable of expressing true passion, that debars them from any possibility of creating song or music, stating that Mendelssohn, whom Wagner damns with faint praise, is 'sweet and tinkling without depth', citing 'the redemption of Ahasuerus — Going under'
Since 1933 history of Leipzig during Nazi regime: Since 1933 history of Leipzig during Nazi regime
April 1945 Allied ground advance arrives, July 1945 Leipzig city under Soviet control: April 1945 Allied ground advance arrives, July 1945 Leipzig city under Soviet control
2020 Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig e.V. Chronik zu den Friedensgebeten und zu den politisch-alternativen Gruppen in Leipzig: Chronik zu den Friedensgebeten und zu den politisch-alternativen Gruppen in Leipzig, Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig e.V.
Since 1136 timeline of Chemnitz: Timeline of Chemnitz since 1136
Since 1836 Königliche Gewerbeschule (later Chemnitz University of Technology): Since 1836 Königliche Gewerbeschule and later Chemnitz University of Technology
Since 1852 Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof: Since 1852 Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof


Saxony-Anhalt: Saxony-Anhalt state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. Covering an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres it has a population of 2.19 million inhabitants in 2018, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle (Saale). The state of Saxony-Anhalt was formed in July 1945 after World War II, when the Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany formed it from the former Prussian Province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt. Saxony-Anhalt became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during administrative reforms and its territory divided into the districts of Halle and Magdeburg, with the city of Torgau joining the district of Leipzig. Following German reunification the state of Saxony-Anhalt was re-established in 1990 and became one of the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany.
History of Saxony-Anhalt and elections: History of Saxony-Anhalt - Elections in Saxony-Anhalt
2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election: March 2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election
March 2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election: 13. März 2016 Landtagswahl in Sachsen-Anhalt
October 2019 Halle synagogue neo-Nazi shooting: 9 October 2019 Halle synagogue shooting in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Economy of Magdeburg: Economy of Magdeburg
Since 13th/14th centuries spread of Magdeburg rights and implementation across Europe: Spread of Magdeburg rights and implementation across Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries, Magdeburg rights were granted to more than a hundred cities, in Central Europe apart from Germany, including Schleswig, Bohemia, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, in Pomerania, Prussia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - following the Christianization of Lithuania -, and probably Moldavia. Notable Polish, Lithuanian, and today's Belarus and Ukraine towns governed on the basis of the location privilege known as the 'settlement with German law' issued by Polish and Grand Duchy of Lithuania landlords - since the 16th to 18th centuries by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth landlords -, included Biecz, Frysztak, Sandomierz, Kraków, Kurów, Minsk, Polotsk, Poznan, Ropczyce, Lódz, Wroclaw, Szczecin (which was not a part of Poland when granted town rights, they were given by a Pomeranian landlord), Zlotoryja, Vilnius, Trakai, Kaunas, Hrodna, Kyiv, Lviv, Chernivtsi, Brody, Lutsk, Volodymyr, Sanok, Sniatyn, Nizhyn among many hundreds of others. The advantages were not only economic, but also political.
20th century history and timeline of Magdeburg, World War II and the Holocaust: 20th century history and timeline of Magdeburg
21st century timeline of Magdeburg: 21st century timeline of Magdeburg
Halle (Saale) city: Halle (Saale) city, the largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, the fifth most populous city in the area of former East Germany after (East) Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz, as well as the 31st largest city of Germany, and with around 239,000 inhabitants in 2020. Together with Leipzig, the largest city of Saxony, Halle forms the polycentric Leipzig-Halle conurbation. Halle lies in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, in the Leipzig Bay, the southernmost part of the North German Plain, on the River Saale - a tributary of the Elbe -, which is the third longest river flowing entirely in Germany after the Weser and the Main. The White Elster flows into the Saale in the southern borough of Silberhöhe. Halle - the fourth largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz - is an economic and educational center in central Germany. The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, with campuses in Halle and Wittenberg, is the largest university in Saxony-Anhalt, one of the oldest universities in Germany, and a nurturing ground for the local startup ecosystem.


History of Schleswig-Holstein: History of Schleswig-Holstein
Economy of Schleswig-Holstein: Economy of Schleswig-Holstein
Elections in Schleswig-Holstein: Elections in Schleswig-Holstein
20th century Heligoland, naval base during World War I and II: 20th century Heligoland and and German empire's naval base during World War I and II
History and timeline of Kiel: History and timeline of Kiel
Jüdische Gemeinde und Synagoge in Lübeck: Jüdische Gemeinde und Synagoge in Lübeck
History and timeline of Lübeck: History and timeline of Lübeck
12th century timeline of Lübeck: Timeline of Lübeck the 12th century
Spring 1942 bombing of Lübeck and 'Baedeker Blitz' series of attacks by German empire's Luftwaffe on English cities: March 1942 during German empire's World War II, the city of Lübeck was the first German city to be attacked in substantial numbers by the Royal Air Force, as the attack of 28 March 1942 created a firestorm that caused severe damage to the historic centre, with bombs destroying three of the main churches and large parts of the built-up area, and led to the retaliatory 'Baedeker' raids on historic British cities - April–May 1942 'Baedeker Blitz' series of attacks by German empire's Luftwaffe on English cities including Bath, Canterbury, Exeter. Norwich, and York, as the name derives from Baedeker, a series of German tourist guidebooks, including detailed maps, which were used to generate targets for bombing, as the raids were planned in response to a devastating increase in the effectiveness of the Royal Air Force's bombing offensive, and - to increase the effect on civilian life - targets were chosen for their cultural and historical significance, rather than for any military value, following the lost battle against Soviet Union's Moscow, the 20 January 1942 Wannsee conference deciding and organizing the Holocaust, as German empire forces and allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia, marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, and one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with an estimated 2 million total casualties
Economy of Flensburg: Economy of Flensburg
Economy of Thuringia: Economy of Thuringia
List of cities, towns and municipalities in Thuringia: Cities, towns and municipalities in Thuringia
Timeline of Erfurt since the 8th century: Timeline of Erfurt since the 8th century
Since 742 Erfurt in the Middle Age: Since 742 Erfurt in the Middle Age
Early modern age and for nearly two hundred years Thuringia's Bach family: Thuringia's Bach family for nearly two hundred years, with over 50 known musicians and several notable composers, as a family genealogy was drawn up by Johann Sebastian Bach himself in 1735 and completed by his son Carl Philipp Emanuel. after the Bach family never left Thuringia until the sons of J.S. Bach went in some European towns and counties, after all the misery of the peasantry and citizens in towns at the period of the Thirty Years' War - 1615-1692 Heinrich Bach, a German organist, composer and a member of the great Bach family. was Ratsmusikant in the Erfurt Ratsmusikanten-Compagnie, as from 1641 he became organist in Arnstadt's St. Mary's Church and the Upper Church. as also three of his sons, Johann Christoph Bach, Johann Michael Bach and Johann Günther Bach, were musicians
Since 1878 J.A. Topf and Sons engineering company later building crematoria ovens for concentration and extermination camps: Since 1878 J.A. Topf and Sons, an engineering company in Erfurt, originally making heating systems and brewing and malting equipment, as the company later diversified into silos, chimneys, incinerators for burning municipal waste, and crematoria, as during World War I it made weapons shells, limbers (carts for carrying artillery) and other military vehicles, and as in and before World War II it made weapons shells and aircraft parts for the Luftwaffe, and as it is now infamous as the largest of 12 companies that designed and built crematoria ovens for concentration and extermination camps during the Holocaust, planned and carried out by the NSDAP regime from 1935 to 1945. as the company 1939 with 1,150 employees - and at least 620 foreigners were forced to work for the company - not only made crematoria ovens, even also made ventilation systems for the gas chambers at Auschwitz II–Birkenau - WWII Use of forced labour by J.A. Topf and Sons
April 2002 Erfurt massacre and aftermath: April 2002 Erfurt massacre, a school shooting that occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium in Erfurt, as 19-year-old expelled student Robert Steinhäuser shot and killed 16 people, including 13 staff members, two students, and one police officer, before committing suicide - 'Post-traumatic stress disorder', a mental and behavioral disorder that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence or other threats on a person's life - 20. April 2017: Der 26. April 2002 war nicht nur der Tag, an dem Robert Steinhäuser 16 Menschen tötete, er löste auch eine politische Debatte aus, incl. Debatte um Killerspiele und Waffenbesitz, wie auch in anderen Staaten
Mühlhausen city: Mühlhausen city in the north-west of Thuringia, first mentioned in 967 and becoming one of the most important cities in central Germany in the late Middle Ages. In the mid-13th century, it became a Freie Reichsstadt, an independent and republican self-ruled member of the 'Holy Roman Empire' - Mühlhausen Kreisstadt des Unstrut-Hainich-Kreises an der Unstrut, einem Nebenfluss der Saale und 55 km nordwestlich der Landeshauptstadt Erfurt. Im Mittelalter waren die Reichsstädte Mühlhausen und Nordhausen nach Erfurt die zweitmächtigsten Städte im Thüringer Raum. Bekannt ist Mühlhausen auch für sein reichhaltiges historisches Erbe, so war es Wirkungsstätte von Johann Sebastian Bach und Thomas Müntzer sowie bis 1802 Reichsstadt. Von der einstigen Bedeutung zeugen heute noch zahlreiche historische Bauwerke wie die Stadtmauer oder die Marienkirche.
Since 14th century history and timeline of Mühlhausen: Mühlhausens Geschichte seit dem 14. Jahrhundert
Since 1914 history and timeline of Mühlhausen: Seit 1914 Geschichte Mühlhausens, einschließlch der Periode seit 1991
Politics and elections in Thuringia: Elections in Thuringia
5 February 2020 President of the Central Council of Jews in Germany Josef Schuster condemns alliance of FDP, AfD and CDU to elect FDP's Thomas Kemmerich: 5. Februar 2020: Der Präsident des Zentralrats der Juden, Josef Schuster verurteilt das Bündnis von FDP, AfD und CDU bei der Wahl Thomas Kemmerichs zum thüringischen Ministerpräsidenten und erklärt 'damit verlässt die FDP den Konsens der demokratischen Parteien, nicht mit der AfD zusammenzuarbeiten oder auf die Unterstützung der Rechtspopulisten zu zählen' - Josef Schuster was born in Haifa in 1954, after his paternal family had lived in Franconia since at least the middle of the 16th century, and as his father David Schuster was a merchant who was forced to emigrate to Palestine in 1938, as both parents of his mother died at the Auschwitz concentration camp, as his family returned to Germany in 1956 where Schuster later studied medicine becoming a specialist in internal medicine, today also a volunteer as an emergency physician for the Bavarian section of the Red Cross
July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU: July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU
July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU: July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU
Social movements and protests: Protests in Germany
2015: 5 January 2015: Thousands take to the streets in Berlin, Stuttgart, Cologne and Dresden to oppose racism and xenophobia - 10 January: Tens of thousands of people rally in Dresden against racism and xenophobia - 12 January: 'Anti-Islamisation' Pegida marchers were outnumbered by tens of thousands counterdemonstrators across the country, with 30,000 people in Leipzig, 20,000 in Munich, in Dresden and other cities - 13 January: Rally to condemn the Paris jihadist attacks and take a stand against Islamophobia draws 10,000 people in Berlin - 19 April: Thousands in Germany protest against Europe-USA trade deal that they fear will erode food, labour and environmental standards - 10 October 2015: Hundreds of thousands of people marched in Berlin on Saturday to oppose planned free trade deal TTIP between the EU and the USA that is claimed to be anti-democratic and to threaten food safety and environmental standards - 19 October 2015: Demonstrations in Berlin to protest against Russia’s aggression on Syria
2016: 16 January 2016: Thousands of protesters in Berlin call for organic farming, which is done without pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, without the use of antibiotics for livestock and GMO feed, also protesting against corporate agriculture as well as the pending TTIP free trade agreement between the EU and the USA - 11 avril 2016: Environ 45'000 salariés de la sidérurgie ont manifesté pour dire leurs inquiétudes quant à leur avenir, dans un secteur soumis à la concurrence féroce des acteurs chinois - 24 April 2016: Tens of thousands of opponents of a proposed transatlantic trade deal poured onto German streets Saturday on the eve of a visit by USA's Obama - 29 avril 2016: Plusieurs débrayages ont eu lieu dans toute l'Allemagne pour réclamer de meilleures conditions de travail et une augmentation de salaires pour une vaste branche fourre-tout qui recouvre l'automobile, les industries électriques, la métallurgie, et emploie 3,4 millions de personnes
June/July 2017: 27 June 2017: Greenpeace, Oxfam and other organizations, preparing protests against the G20 summit in July, demand solutions and cooperation to combat famines, inequality, climate change, wars and displacements, not provided by present G20 policy, and call for developing democracy, strengthening parliaments, creating transparency, enabling effective public participation in important decisions, also in Germany and Hamburg, that will host Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in July - Proteste und Gegenveranstaltungen gegen den G20-Gipfel in Hamburg am 7./8. Juli 2017 - zahlreiche Bündnisse und Initiativen organisieren Veranstaltungen um Alternativen zum beim G20 vertretenen Wirtschaftssystem aufzuzeigen - 7 July 2017: New York city mayor Bill De Blasio, one of Trump's sharpest critics, will take part in protests against the G20 summit in Hamburg and will be a keynote speaker on Saturday at a rally for human rights and democracy
Society, demographics, languages, human rights, religion, racism and antisemitism in Germany: German society
Human rights in Germany: Human rights in Germany
Title 'Freedoms': Title 'Freedoms', contain articles 6-19 including 'Right to liberty and security', 'Respect for private and family life' saying everyone has the right to respect for his or her private and family life, home and communications, 'Protection of personal data', 'Right to marry and right to found a family', 'Freedom of thought, conscience and religion', 'Freedom of expression and information' saying everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers, the freedom and pluralism of the media shall be respected, 'Freedom of assembly and of association', 'Freedom of the arts and sciences', 'Right to education' saying everyone has the right to education and to have access to vocational and continuing training, 'Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work', saying everyone has the right to engage in work and to pursue a freely chosen or accepted occupation, and nationals of third countries who are authorised to work in the territories of the Member States are entitled to working conditions equivalent to those of citizens of the Union, 'Freedom to conduct a business', 'Right to property', 'Right to asylum', 'Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition', saying collective expulsions are prohibited, and no one may be removed, expelled or extradited to a State where there is a serious risk that he or she would be subjected to the death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
Demographics and ethnic groups in Germany: Demographics of Germany - Ethnic groups in Germany - Immigrants to Germany
Since early 1990s history of immigration to and migration in Germany: Since early 1990s history of immigration to and migration in Germany
21st century UN's OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties: United Nations OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties
History of the Jews in Germany since the Early Middle Ages: History of the Jews in Germany since the Early Middle Ages
Jewish German history and antisemitism in Germany: Jewish German history - Antisemitism in Germany
October 2012 memorial in Berlin to Roma and Sinti victims: 24 October 2012: Long-delayed memorial in Berlin to Roma and Sinti victims of the Nazis
Arabs in Germany: Arabs in Germany
Italians in Germany: Italians in Germany
Russians in Germany: Russians in Germany
2016 Russian regime's FM meddling in fabricated story: 29 January 2016: Russian FM Sergei Lavrov calls for 'truth and justice' in a Russian teen's fabricated rape claim by alleged Middle East migrants in Berlin, as Russian regime is murdering hundreds of civilians including children in Syria since months - 31 January 2016: 13-year-old Russian-German girl has admitted making up a story about being kidnapped and raped by migrants, exacerbated by a report on Russian state TV, in which the girl’s relatives claimed her allegations were not being investigated, and that triggered outrage among Berlin’s Russian-German community, staging protests supported by the Pegida-related Bärgida movement, the Neonazi National Democratic party, and joint by Russian FM Sergei Lavrov, who criticised the Berlin authorities
Spaniards in Germany: Spaniards in Germany
Turks in Germany: Turks in Germany
1993-2011 Solingen arson attack and NSU: Solingen arson attack of 1993 - Since 1990th to 2011 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group's serial murders
Immigration and refugees in Germany: Immigration to Germany
Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
2016: 29 January 2016: Germany tightens refugee policy, announcing to close its border to Algerians, Tunisians and Moroccans and also to prevent migrants from bringing their families to join them for two years, as Finland joins Sweden in deportations - 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 6 November 2016: Ahead of 2017 federal elections the German CDU-led interior ministry reportedly wants to stop migrants ever reaching Europe’s Mediterranean coast by picking them up at sea and returning them to Africa - 18 November 2016: Survivors of the SS St. Louis, the trans-Atlantic liner carrying nearly 1,000 Jewish refugees from Germany in 1939, rejected by the USA and Cuba and forced to return to Europe, urge world to treat immigrants 'as family'
Music in Germany and history: Music in Germany - History of music in Germany
Religion and history of religion in Germany: History of religion in Germany - Religion in Germany
Christianity and antisemitism: Christianity and antisemitism - Medieval antisemitism
Antisemitism in Germany and Europe: Antisemitism in Germany - Antisemitism in Europe
Religious disaffiliation (Kirchenaustritte): Kirchenaustritte in Deutschland
Women and women's rights in Germany: Women in Germany - Women's rights in Germany
2016: 5 janvier 2016: Entre 200 et 300 personnes se sont rassemblées devant la cathédrale de Cologne pour appeler à plus de respect envers les femmes - 2016 New Year's Eve sexual assaults and robbery in Germany - 8 January 2016: German police have identified 18 asylum-seekers among 31 suspects in connection with crimes committed in Cologne at New Year, as government spokesman tells reporters that there are 9 Algerians, 8 Moroccans, 5 Iranians, 4 Syrians, 2 Germans and one person each from Iraq, Serbia and the USA among the suspects - 11 May 2016: Women's rights activists say that while government plans to allow women to compare their salaries against peers were a good start, more still needs to be done - 12 May 2016: Green party politician and first Muslim woman Muhterem Aras elected with a large majority as president (speaker) of Baden-Württemberg's state legislature
Children, childhood and children's rights in Germany: Children in Germany - Childhood in Germany - Children's rights in Germany
German childhood in Nazi Germany and World War II: German childhood in Nazi Germany and World War II
Murdered children in Germany: Murdered children in Germany
Child abuse in Germany: Child abuse in Germany
Since January 2020 impact of covid-19 pandemic on children: Since January 2020 impact of the covid-19 pandemic on children in Germany and on education
Schools in Germany: Schools in Germany
Universities and colleges in Germany: Universities and colleges in Germany by state
History of Native Americans in North America and the USA: History of Native Americans in the USA
History museums in Germany: History museums in Germany
Since 1997 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma: Since 1997 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma was established in Heidelberg
Health in Germany: Health in Germany
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Germany: Medical outbreaks in Germany - Health disasters in Germany - Man-made disasters in Germany
2009 flu pandemic: 2009 flu pandemic in Germany
2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
Since January 2020 timeline of German government reactions to covid-19: Timeline of German government reactions to the 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic spreading in the country
Since 25 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia: Since 25 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia
Since May/June 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Gütersloh district: Juni 2020 covid-19-Ausbruch in Tönnies-Stammwerk in Rheda-Wiedenbrück im Kreis Gütersloh
History of healthcare in Germany: History of healthcare in Germany
1933-1945 Nazi healthcare and medical experiments: Health and healthcare in NDSAP-Germany
Drugs in Germany: Drugs in Germany
Sport in Germany by sport and city: Sport in Germany by sport - Sport in Germany by city
'Professional' sports in Germany and 'Bundesliga': 'Professional' sports in Germany and 'Bundesliga'
Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany: Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany
Football hooliganism and riots in Germany: Football hooliganism and riots in Germany
Freedom of press and censorship in Germany: Freedom of press in Germany - Censorship in Germany
March 1914 German newspapers beat the war drums: March 1914: German newspapers beat the war drums
Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany: Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany
Crime in Germany: Crime in Germany
Racism in Germany: Racism in Germany
Since 17th century German colonialism in Africa and worldwide since 19th century: Since 1680 German colonization of Africa - Since 1884 German colonial empire -
Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany: Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany
July 2014: 18 July: Anti-Semitic slogans chanted at Berlin protest against Israel's Gaza operation - 21. Juli: Eine anti-israelische Kundgebung in Berlin von palästinensischen und politischen Gruppen wie dem Hochschulverband der Partei 'Die Linke' ist am Samstag mit antisemitischen Parolen und dem versuchten Angriff auf ein Ehepaar aus Jerusalem eskaliert - 21 July: Germany's Jewish community is shocked by an 'explosion of evil and violent hatred of Jews' shown by protesters at anti-Israel demonstrations across the country chanting 'gas the Jews' and other anti-Semitic slogans during some pro-Gaza protests - 21 July: As wave of anti-Semitic rallies hits cities across Germany and anti-Israel protester chanted in Dortmund and Frankfurt 'Hamas Hamas Juden ins gas', Jewish community braces itself ahead of Friday’s Iranian-sponsored Al Quds Day March
2015: 5 January 2015: A 26-year-old Israeli was beaten by a group of seven men on a Berlin subway car after he filmed them singing an anti-Semitic song and refused to delete the video - 27 January 2015: Auschwitz survivors gather for memorial 70 years after liberation - 17 February: Jewish cemetery in the northern German city of Oldenburg vandalized, targeted over the past few years by right-wing extremists - 28 June 2015: Berlin’s philharmonic’s new conductor met by anti-Semitism in German press, as NDR website calls Russian-born Kirill Petrenko, philharmonic’s first Jewish conductor, 'the tiny gnome, the Jewish caricature' - 16 November 2015: Ursula Haverbeck after calling the Holocaust in a statement broadcast on television outside of the trial of former SS guard Oskar Groening 'the biggest and most sustainable lie in history', sentenced to 10 months in jail
Since 19th century timeline of Nazism and since 1919 NSDAP's rise to power: Since 19th century timeline of Nazism in Germany - Since 1919 Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1914-1918 World War I and German Empire since 1871: World War I 1914-1918 and German Empire since 1871 - German war crimes in World War I
15 January 1919 SPD-linked ordered assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: 15 January 1919 ordered assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht - German army officer Pabst, who ordered the executions of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in 1919 as well as summary executions of many other Communist Party of Germany members, was never brought to justice even in the later Federal Republic of Germany, became an industrialist and eventually Director of Rheinmetall Borsig in Berlin, later settled in Switzerland, where he took a post with the arms manufacturer Oerlikon and following World War II, Pabst took some involvement in the activities of the neo-Nazi Bruderschaften, small groups that existed across Europe and which attempted to co-ordinate their political activism, later returned to Germany in 1955, settling in Düsseldorf, and there became involved with neo-Nazis - In 1962 in an interview and in his memoirs, Pabst maintained that he had talked in 1919 on the phone with SPD-Noske in the Chancellery, and that SPD-Noske and SPD-Ebert had approved of his assassination actions, never challenged, especially since neither the Reichstag, the Bundestag nor the courts in Germany until today ever examined the case
1918-1933 Political violence in Germany: 1918-1933 Political violence in Germany
Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany: Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany
German war crimes in World War II, crimes of the Wehrmacht and the Holocaust: German war crimes in World War II - War crimes of the Wehrmacht - The Holocaust
Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany: List of intelligence agencies of Germany - Bundesnachrichtendienst BND's Nazi tradition
1946: Gehlen Organization established in June 1946 by USA occupation authorities consisted of members of the 12th Department of the former 'Foreign Armies East', numerous former SS, SD and Wehrmacht officers and carried the name of Wehrmacht Major general Reinhard Gehlen, head of the German military intelligence in the Eastern Front during World War II - Agency 114 of the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND was a main entrance for former Nazis - 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - In 1965 'Butcher of Lyon' SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie was recruited by the BND, his initial monthly salary of 500 Deutsche Mark was transferred in May 1966 to an account of the Chartered Bank of London in San Francisco in the USA, which recruited him in 1947 as an agent for the USA Army Counter Intelligence Corps CIC, and he made at least 35 reports to the BND headquarters in Pullach - 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt
Since 1945 neo-Nazism in Germany: Chauvinism, fascism and neo-Nazism in Germany - Neo-Nazism
Nazi terrorism since 1945, Nazi party 'NPD' and neo-Nazi linked AfD in German parliaments: Todesopfer rechtsextremer Gewalt in Deutschland nach 1945
11. April 1968 Attentat auf Rudi Dutschke: 11. April 1968 Attentat auf Rudi Dutschke in West-Berlin
September 1991 Riot of Hoyerswerda: Riot of Hoyerswerda September 1991
August 1992 Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen: Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen August 1992
1992 Mordanschlag von Mölln: Mordanschlag von Mölln 1992
1999 Hetzjagd in Guben: Hetzjagd in Guben 1999
Since 1990th to 2011 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group: 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group's serial murders - Neonazi-Mordserie bis 2011
2011: 12. November 2011: Mordserie an Ausländern und Polizistin von seit 90er Jahren bekannten Neonazis - 13 November 2011: Police made a second arrest after the discovery of evidence linking a Nazi group to 10 murders - National Socialist Underground - November 2011: Rolle des 'Verfassungsschutzes' und der Polizei bei der vieljährigen neonazistischen Mordserie - 20 November 2011: The German government agrees 'to compensate' families of victims of neo-Nazi group questioning itself how the organization could have slipped under the radar when it was known to the authorities since 15 years - 24. November 2011: Haftbefehl gegen weiteren Neonazi und Produzenten eines Propagandavideos - 29 November: Police - now investigating neo-Nazi organization - arrest another suspect accomplice and former official in the extreme-right NPD party - 30. November 2011: Mehr als 800 Waffenfunde bei Neonazis - Verbindungen auch in die Schweiz - 1 December: German authorities seek public help in neo-Nazi investigation - 9 December: German interior ministers now seek ban on neo-Nazi NPD - 18. Dezember 2011: Gelder des thüringischen 'Verfassungsschutzes' für Neo-Nazi Terrororganisation
2012: 1. Januar 2012: 'Verfassungsschutz' hatte schon 1999 Informationen über den Aufenthaltsort und die Verbrechen der Neonazi-Terroristen, hat aber nicht zugegriffen - Seit Januar 2012 Untersuchungsausschuss zur Terrorgruppe Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund - 26. Januar: Offenbarungseid eines verlogenen Staates - deutscher Bundestag setzt Neonazi-Untersuchungsausschuß ein - 27. Januar: Neonazis werden auch in Bayern aggressiver - 1. Februar 2012: Weiterer mutmasslicher Neonazi-Helfer in Düsseldorf festgenommen - 13. März 2012: Zahlreiche Festnahmen bei polizeilicher Aktion gegen die kriminelle Vereinigung 'Aktionsbüro Mittelrhein' und deren 'Braunes Haus' - 27 March 2012: 'Germany's new breed of neo-Nazis pose a threat', British TV report says - 30. Mai: Von fünf mutmasslichen Helfern der Rechtsterroristen sind nur noch zwei in Haft - 15. Juni 2012: Bundesgerichtshof hebt Haftbefehl gegen weiteren mutmaßlichen Helfer der rechtsterroristischen NSU auf - 28. Juni 2012: 'Verfassungsschutz' vernichtete im November 2011 Akten über seine Verbindung zu Naziterroristen nach Aufforderung zu deren Übermittlung - 29 June 2012: German secret service destroys files on neo-Nazi terrorist gang the National Socialist Underground - vital information was shredded on the day it was due to be handed to federal prosecutors - 2 July: German domestic intelligence agency chief H. Fromm quits over murders - 4. Juli: Hinterbliebene von Opfern der Zwickauer Neonazi-Zelle haben Strafanzeige gegen Mitarbeiter des 'Verfassungsschutzes' eingereicht - 11 Juli: Die sogenannten Ermittlungspannen bei der Mordserie der Zwickauer Neonazi-Zelle kosten nach H. Fromm, Th. Sippel ('Verfassungsschutz'-Chef in Thüringen) einen dritten 'Verfassungsschutz'-Chef (R. Boos in Sachsen) den Posten - 15. Juli 2012: Staatlicher Offenbarungseid auf Raten - weitere Einzelheiten zum 'Verfassungsschutz' - 23. Juli: Verhaftung nach Hausdurchsuchung wegen Betriebs eines rechtsextremen Internetradios - 23. August: NRW verbietet drei Neonazi-'Kameradschaften' in Dortmund, Hamm und Aachen - Beschlagnahme von Waffen, Datenträgern und Propagandamaterial auch der NPD - 11 September: Military intelligence agency MAD says it knew of the murder suspect’s Mundlos far-right links years before he joined the neo-Nazi terror cell - 14. September: Polizei im Zwielicht - Nazimord-Helfer und Sprengstoffbeschaffer als 'Informant' und 'Vertrauensperson' von 2000-2011 in Diensten des Berliner Landeskriminalamts - der Name des Amts verpflichtet - 23. September: Der langjährige V-Mann der Berliner Polizei Thomas S. gibt Sprengstoffbeschaffung für die Neonazi-Terrorzelle zu - 17. Oktober: Im Bundesamt für 'Verfassungsschutz' sind nach Enttarnung der Neonazi-Terrorzelle NSU neben den bereits publik gewordenen Fällen weitere 284 Akten vernichtet worden - 22. Oktober: Edathy legt dem BDK-Vorsitzenden Schulz wegen dessen Beleidigung des parlamentarischen Ausschusses Rücktritt nahe - 1. November: Kenan Kolat fordert eine Debatte darüber, wie es zu der Mordserie der Naziterroristen kommen konnte - 8 November: Federal prosecutors charge neo-Nazis with murders of 10 people, mostly immigrants and a police officer - 14. November 2012: Beim Berliner 'Verfassungsschutz' schon 2010 rechtswidrige Vernichtung von Akten zum Rechtsextremismus - weiterer Rücktritt, diesmal einer 'Verfassungsschutz'-Chefin in der zuvorkommenden Hauptstadt - 22. November 2012: NRW-Innenminister SPD-Behrens schließt 2004 entgegen den Ermittlungen rechtsterroristische Täterschaft aus - 23. November 2012: Bundespräsident Gauck lehnt Treffen mit den Opferfamilien der NSU-Morde ab und schlägt Bitte der Türkischen Gemeinde für ein persönliches Treffen zum Jahrestag der Aufdeckung der NSU-Mordserie aus
2013: 3. Februar 2013: Bundesinnenministerium verweigert dem NSU-Untersuchungsausschuss Auskünfte über einen wichtigen V-Mann im Umfeld der Zwickauer Terrorzelle - 16. Februar 2013: Aysen Tasköprü, Schwester des ermordeten Süleymann Tasköprü aus Hamburg und Nebenklägerin im NSU-Mordprozess lehnt Bundenspräsident Gaucks Einladung ab und begründet ihre Ablehnung in einem Schreiben, mit welchem sie überfällige Antworten verlangt - 26 Mart 2013: Almanya’da sekizi Türk 10 kisiyi öldüren neonazi terör örgütü NSU’nun yargilanacagi davada Münih Yüksek Eyalet Mahkemesi - 2. April 2013: 50 'Verfassungsschutz' V-Leute im NSU-Umfeld identifiziert, schwerste Straftaten, hohe Honorare des Staates (fünf- bis sechsstellig) und oftmals ohne Strafverfolgung - 2. April: Celal Özcan erklärt. daß 'Hürriyet' immer wieder beim OLG München angerufen und um eine Vorabinformation gebeten habe, wann die Akkreditierungsfrist beginnen würde - 'die Verfahrensweise ist ungerecht und nicht akzeptabel' - 2. April: Statt das Anliegen, die Teilnahme türkischer Medien und der Botschaft am NSU-Prozeß vor dem Münchner OLG zu gewährleisten, als Vorsitzender des Auswärtigen Ausschusses nach Kräften zu unterstützen, maßt sich CDU-Polenz von der Kiesinger/Filbinger/Globke-CDU an, die 'türkische Politik' 'dringend zu warnen' - vor dem Zustand eines Landes, dessen Behörden den Naziterror sogar finanziell gefördert haben (ein Grund, sich zu schämen, zu entschuldigen und die Lehren zu ziehen), und welchen auch dieser CDU/CSU-Politiker mit herbeigeführt hat und nun selbst offenbart - 4 April: A Turkish newspaper complains to Germany's highest court over German neo-Nazi trial access - 12 avril: La Cour constitutionnelle allemande a ordonné au tribunal de Munich d'accorder des places supplémentaires aux médias étrangers pour couvrir le procès de néonazis jugés à partir de mercredi pour des meurtres racistes - 15 avril: Le procès de néo-nazis allemands accusés de meurtres racistes est reporté au 6 mai - 25 April: The German lower house, the Bundestag, refuses to back a ban of the neo-nazi party NPD
2015: 13 January: Some 25,000 'anti-Islamisation' protesters marched through the streets of Dresden on Monday - 21 January 2015: The leader of far-right and anti-Muslim movement Pegida resigned after a photo of him posing as Hitler and reports that he called refugees 'scumbags' - 11 February 2015: German refugee centres face drastic rise in extremist attacks - 23 Februar 2015: Bachmann wieder im Pegida-Vorstand - 9 March 2015: Village of Tröglitz mayor Markus Nierth quits over neo-Nazi protest after neo-Nazis were given permission to demonstrate outside his home over his support of asylum seekers - 29. März 2015: Zeugin und Ex-Freundin von Florian H. tot, der im Herbst 2013 im Auto verbrannte bevor er im NSU-Ausschuß aussagen konnte - 4 April 2015: Asylum seekers' accommodation set on fire in suspected far-right arson attack in village of Tröglitz - 22 April 2015: Germany grapples with attitudes to asylum seekers - 6 May 2015: Police detained four people suspected of setting up a right-wing extremist group that was planning bomb attacks on Muslims and refugees, as a separate investigation began into arsonists who damaged a shelter for asylum-seekers - 30 July 2015: A worrying rise of fire bombings and violent attacks on asylum-seekers has marred German attempts to integrate desperate refugees from Syria, Eritrea and also people from the Balkans, as in the past 25 years in Germany 75 people have been murdered in rightwing extremist attacks - 23 August 2015: The outbreak of violence by right-wing radicals against refugees followed a demonstration of some 1,000 people in Heidenau, near Dresden against the roughly 250 refugees - 26 August: Two new attacks hit refugee centres in Leipzig and Parchim - 17 October 2015: Mayoral candidate Henriette Reker, responsible for taking charge of refugees in her city, stabbed in Cologne in a racist attack wounding four other people and linked to migrants policy - 19 October 2015: At the anniversary of the Pegida rallies in Dresden on 19 October 2015 keynote speaker Pirinçci tries to stir up hatred against refugees in Europe and Germany saying 'KZs sind ja leider derzeit außer Betrieb' - 22 October 2015: In the first three quarters of 2015 there were a total of 461 attacks across Germany against asylum seekers’ homes believed to have been driven by xenophobic motives, including scores of arson attacks - 7 December: Germany's constitutional court to hear case on banning neo-Nazi NPD in March 2016 - 22 December 2015: A German town council member of the National Democratic party has been given only a suspended sentence over a tattoo bearing a notorious Nazi concentration camp slogan and a rendering of Auschwitz
2016: 11 January 2016: Two Pakistanis and a Syrian man were injured in attacks by gangs of people in Cologne, German police said late on Sunday - 11 January 2016: Gangs attacked groups of foreigners in four separate incidents on Sunday in Cologne, after attackers reportedly arranged via Facebook to go on 'manhunt' of foreigners after assaults on women on New Year’s Eve - 12 January: Over 200 masked anti-refugee supporters, carrying placards with racist overtones, went on a rampage in the German city of Leipzig on Monday night, throwing fireworks, breaking windows and vandalising buildings, police says - 20 February 2016: A video showing a mob of people in Saxony chanting hate slogans at a bus full of visibly shaken refugees has sparked outrage among German social media users - 20 février: Tollé après la diffusion de vidéos montrant en Saxe des policiers évacuant brutalement un bus de demandeurs d'asile qui refusent de gagner leur foyer, effrayés par des manifestants anti-réfugié - 21 February: A fire that destroyed a hotel being converted into a shelter for refugees in Saxony's city of Bautzen was cheered and celebrated by onlookers, police say treating the incident as suspected arson - 8 March 2016: Congo-born priest Ndjimbi-Tshiende in Germany's Bavaria quits over death threats he received since speaking out in defence of refugees and after he was fed up with xenophobic utterances from prominent CSU local politicians Sylvia Boher and Johann Haindi - 19 April 2016: In diesem Jahr sind in Deutschland bereits mehr als 300 Straftaten gegen Asylunterkünfte verübt worden - 11. Mai 2016: Mobiltelefon des mittlerweile toten Neonazis 'Corelli', V-Mann des sogenannten 'Verfassungsschutzes', aufgetaucht, welches 2012 (!) bei der Aufnahme in ein 'Zeugenschutzprogramm' der NSU-Untersuchung übergeben wurde und auf dem sich zahlreiche Bild-Dateien und Kontakte befinden - 6 July 2016: Anti-immigration party AfD plunged into a leadership crisis over Holocaust denial and antisemitic views expressed by one of its MPs - 13 July 2016: A group of young men left a black man bloodied and unconscious after he tried to stop them harassing some Somalis in Munich - 16 August 2016: Berlin authorities must cancel contracts with Pewobe company that runs nine homes for asylum seekers after leaked emails showed managers including a former DVU member joking about executing refugees, suggesting to invest a €5,000 donation from BMW in 'a small guillotine for children' and joking that disposing of the bodies would require a 'large-volume crematorium' - 27 September 2016: Police suspect a 'xenophobic motive’ after two improvised explosive devices detonated outside a mosque and congress centre in Dresden on Monday - 7 October: A group of young people in eastern Germany's Sebnitz threatened three Syrian refugee children with a knife and hit them before chanting right-wing slogans, police said - 20 October 2016: Police officer dies from injuries after being shot by Neo-Nazi 'Reichsbürger' extremist - 23 October 2016: As police and fire officers tried to persuade a Somali boy not to jump, onlookers were spending a long time, watching and calling on the migrant teen to leap from an apartment block in German town of Schmoelln and to suffer fatal injuries - 31 October 2016: Two weeks after a 'Reichsbürger' Neo-Nazi killed an officer during a police raid, German police are investigating within their own ranks for links to the extremist movement with the largest number of cases in Bavaria and Saxony-Anhalt
January/February 2018: 2 janvier 2018: La responsable du parti Alternative pour l'Allemagne a vu son tweet retiré des réseaux sociaux après avoir comparé les réfugiés à des 'hordes de barbares' - 22 February 2018: Germany's AfD set to embrace anti-Islam and neonazi-linked Pegida, as latest INSA poll this week showed the AfD on 16%, overtaking the SPD for the first time - 22 February 2018: A German-Russian dual national has been arrested and accused of 'politically motivated' attempted murder after he attacked three asylum seekers with a knife in Heilbronn - 27 February 2018: In a vote on Monday night, the local council in southwestern Germany's Herxheim near Heidelberg decided by 10 votes to 3 that a Nazi-era bell, complete with the inscription 'Everything for the Fatherland - Adolf Hitler', should continue to hang in the local church, as councilors said the bell, which also bears a swastika, should serve as a force for reconciliation and a memorial against violence and injustice
5 August 2020 German neo-Nazi Stephan Ernst admits to murdering pro-refugee politician Walter Luebcke: 5 August 2020: German neo-Nazi Stephan Ernst on trial admits to murdering pro-refugee politician Walter Luebcke, implicates co-defendant in killing
Terrorism in Germany: Terrorism in Germany
In the wake of the hostage-taking, public criticism of the Olympic Committee's decision to continue the games, but about 80,000 people who filled Munich's Olympic Stadium for a West German football match carried noisemakers, waved flags, and when several spectators unfurled a banner reading '17 dead, already forgotten?' security officers removed the sign and expelled those responsible from the grounds, the remaining members of the Israeli team withdrew from the Games and left Munich after a memorial service with the notorious Brundage - Accusation of German foreknowledge of the attack, revealed since 2012 - 1 December 2015: In 1992 the lawyer Mr. Zeltzer and Ms. Spitzer, the widow of the fencing coach Andre Spitzer, pressured the German government into releasing the file, which included the photographs 1972 Munich Olympic massacre's victims - 2 December 2015: Horrific new details emerge about the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, as Israeli athletes were beaten until their bones snapped and one man was castrated by Palestinian terrorists
May 1993 Solingen arson attack: 28 May 1993 Solingen arson attack
22 July 2016 Munich shooting: 22 July 2016 Munich shooting - 22 July 2016: Munich police warned people to avoid public places as they hunted for the shooter who opened fire at a shopping mall, killing at least eight people and wounding others - 23 July: 18-year-old German-Iranian from Munich kills 9 people then himself in Munich terror rampage - 23 July: Munich attack reports, live updated by British newspaper - 24 July: 18-year-old Ali Sonboly from Munich, who killed nine people mostly teenagers including three children from Turkey, three ethnic Albanians from Kosovo and at least one Greek teenager, was reportedly obsessed with mass killings, played computer shooting games and was interested in the Neo-Nazi terrorist Anders Breivik, who murdered 77 mostly young people on 22 July 2011 targeting an AUF camp, and whose face was used by Sonboly as his profile picture on the WhatsApp messaging service - 24 July: Police arrest a 16-year-old Afghan youth on suspicion of a connection to the killing of nine people by Sonboly, as authorities confirmed that the gunman had written a manifesto before the attack without revealing any details about its content, and that he spent more than a year planning the attack and was able to buy a handgun on the dark web - 27. Juli 2016: Der Münchner Todesschütze Sonboly hat es Presseberichten zufolge als 'Auszeichnung' empfunden, am einem 20. April wie Adolf Hitler geboren worden zu sein, war als Deutsch-Iraner stolz darauf Arier zu sein, habe Araber und Türken gehasst und ihnen gegenüber 'Höherwertigkeitsgefühle' gehegt - 27 July: Police investigate Sonboly's targeting of people of foreign origin, saying the gunman was racist and a rightwing extremist
Political violence in Germany: Political violence in Germany
June 2019 murder of pro-refugee German politician Walter Lübcke: 2. Juni 2019 gewaltsamer Tod des Regierungspräsidenten des Regierungsbezirks Kassel Walter Lübcke - 9 June 2019: After neo-Nazi linked accounts on social media celebrated Lübcke’s death, drawing condemnation from across the political spectrum, detectives investigating the death of German politician Walter Lübcke have questioned a man in connection to the suspected murder - 17 June 2019: Identified only as Stephan E, with links to neo-Nazi groups, who once planted a pipe bomb outside a home for asylum seekers, is a suspect in the murder of German politician Lübcke, according to security sources - 26 June 2019: Stephan Ernst, a 45-year-old German man with a string of convictions for violent anti-migrant crime, has confessed to murdering a pro-refugee German politician Walter Lübcke
Murder victims in Germany: Murder victims in Germany
Human trafficking in Germany: Human trafficking in Germany
Violence against women in Germany: Violence against women in Germany
Rape in Germany: Rape in/a> Germany
October 2018 Freiburg gang rape, aftermath and trial: Oktober 2018 Gruppenvergewaltigung in Freiburg
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Germany: Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Germany
Theft in Germany: Theft in Germany
1933-1945 stealing of art and other items, organized looting in European countries during NSDAP rule: 'Nazi plunder', stealing of art and other items as a result of the organized looting of European countries during the time of the Third Reich, as looting of Jewish property was a key part of the Holocaust, and as plundering occurred from 1933, beginning with the seizure of property of German Jews, until the end of World War II, particularly by military units and also soldiers - NS-Raubkunst (kurz Raubkunst) werden Kunstwerke bezeichnet, die während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus geraubt beziehungsweise 'NS-verfolgungsbedingt entzogen' wurden, wobei die Opfer des Raubs vor allem Juden und als Juden Verfolgte waren, sowohl innerhalb des deutschen Reichs von 1933 bis 1945, wie in allen von den Deutschen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs besetzten Gebieten auf der Grundlage einer Vielzahl von gesetzlichen Regelungen und unter Beteiligung diverser Behörden und eigens dafür eingerichteten Institutionen, nach der London Charter of the International Military Tribunal von 1945 als Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit eingestuft
Political corruption and crimes: Political corruption
Since 1945 Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies of Germany: List of intelligence agencies of Germany - Gehlen Organization established in June 1946 by USA occupation authorities consisted of members of the 12th Department of the former 'Foreign Armies East', numerous former SS, SD and Wehrmacht officers and carried the name of Wehrmacht Major general Reinhard Gehlen, head of the German military intelligence in the Eastern Front during World War II - Agency 114 of the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND was a main entrance for former Nazis - 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - NZZ 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt - 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo
Since 1975 'Flick-Affäre' (not finished): Flick-Affäre seit 1975 (nicht abgeschlossen)
Since late 1970s 'Hitler Diaries' German media scandal involving K. Kujau, G. Heidemann, Th. Walde i.a.: Since 1970s production. sale, acquisition and publication - after German and Hamburg journalists Gerd Heidemann and Thomas Walde produced a prospectus outlining what was available for purchase and the costs - of the so-called 'Hitler Diaries' ('Hitler-Tagebücher'), a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but in fact forged by Konrad Kujau until 1983. The diaries were purchased in 1983 for 9.3 million Deutsche Marks by the West German news magazine 'Stern', which sold serialisation rights to several news organisations. One of the publications involved was the British newspaper The Sunday Times, which asked their independent director, the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, to authenticate the diaries; he did so, pronouncing them genuine. At the press conference to announce the publication, Trevor-Roper announced that on reflection he had changed his mind, and other historians also raised questions concerning their validity. Rigorous forensic analysis, which had not been performed previously, quickly confirmed that the diaries were fakes. The West German journalist with Stern who 'discovered' the diaries and was involved in their purchase was Gerd Heidemann, who had an obsession with the Nazi era. When Stern started buying the diaries, Heidemann stole a significant proportion of the money. Kujau and Heidemann spent time in prison for their parts in the fraud, and several newspaper editors lost their jobs. - 16. März 2008: 'Gier nach dem großen Geld', die Veröffentlichung der angeblichen Hitler-Tagebücher vor 25 Jahren war der GAU der deutschen Pressegeschichte - 6. Mai 2013: Das Bundesarchiv der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gab am 6. Mai 2013 nach intensiver Prüfung bekannt, dass die angeblichen 'Hitler-Tagebücher' des 'Stern' gefälscht waren, nachdem das Bundesarchiv bereits seit dem 5. April 1982 mit den 'Stern'-Redakteuren Dr. Thomas Walde und Leo Pesch, wenig später auch mit Gerd Heidemann, in Kontakt gestanden hatte
2007 Polizistenmord von Heilbronn: Polizistenmord von Heilbronn 25. April 2007
2011: Christian Wulff Kredit- und Medienaffäre seit 2011 - "Wulff-Affäre" seit 2011 - Wiki-Internetseite "WulffPlag" - 13 December 2011: German President Wulff denies lying over loan - 20. Dezember: Christian Wulff und das Geld seiner Freunde - verheimlichter Privatkredit, Anzeigenfinanzierung im Wahlkampf, Gratisurlaube - AFP 29. Dezember: Anzeigen gegen Stuttgarter BW-Bank wegen ungewöhnlich zinsgünstigem Kredit für Christian Wulff - 1. Januar 2012: Wulff unterschrieb BW-Bank Kredit erst unter öffentlichem Druck, macht schriftlich über die zeitliche Abfolge falsche Angaben und erreicht nur, daß die niedersächsischen Grünen weitere Aufklärung verlangen und eine Vorteilsannahme prüfen - 2. Januar: Wulffs bundespräsidiale Drohanrufe Mitte Dezember beim Chefredakteur der Bild-Zeitung und beim Vorstandsvorsitzenden der Axel Springer AG zwecks Unterdrückung von Presseberichten zu seinem Fehlverhalten bestätigt - 4 January: Germany's President Wulff rejects resignation calls despite his threats against newspapers - 5 January: Christian Wulff rejects a request of the 'Bild' newspaper to allow publication of a voicemail contradicting an account given by Wulff in a television interview on Wednesday - 7. Januar: Demonstration "Shoe for you, Mr. President" gegen Wulff am Samstag vor dem Schloß Bellevue - 10. Januar: Wulff verweigert die von ihm zugesagte Herausgabe der Antworten zu seiner Kredit- und Medienaffäre - 19. Januar: Razzia bei Olaf Glaeseker - bis Dezember Wulff-Vertrauter (Wulff: "Mein Faktotum") und Sprecher - wegen des Verdachts der Bestechung und Bestechlichkeit - 16. Februar: Staatsanwaltschaft Hannover beantragt Aufhebung von Wulffs Immunität wegen des Verdachts der Vorteilsannahme und -gewährung - 16 February: Prosecutors seek to lift President Wulff's immunity over the escalating scandal and the suspicion that he improperly accepted benefits - 17 February 2012: German president Wulff announces resignation amid allegations that he received financial favours before becoming head of state - 12 avril 2013: L'ancien président Christian Wulff inculpé pour corruption - 27 August 2013: Ex-German president Wulff to be tried on accepting unfair advantages - 14 November: German ex-President Wulff goes on trial over 'favours'
Since 1999 'Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom': Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom (seit 1999)
Computer crime, cyber spying and industrial espionage: Computer crime - Cyber spying - Industrial espionage - Cyber-attacks - Computer security
Corruption, white collar crime and scandals in Germany: Corruption in Germany
Arson in Germany: Arson in Germany
Since 1945 Holocaust trials: Since 1945 Holocaust trials
1942 - April 2017: 18 April 2017: The once-inaccessible archive of the UN war crimes commission, that was closed in the late 1940s and its use of the records was effectively suppressed, as West Germany was transformed into a pivotal ally at the start of the cold war and as many convicted Nazis were granted early release after the anti-communist USA senator Joseph McCarthy lobbied to end war crimes trials, is being opened by the Wiener Library in London with a catalogue that can be searched online - 23 April 2017: Citing recently released UN documents that show the Allies were aware of the scale of the Holocaust in 1942, Israeli PM Netanyahu says in a speech marking Holocaust Remembrance Day that this new research assumed the 'terrible significance' that 'the powers knew and did not act', adding that global indifference persisted and is persisting, as evidenced by the horrors in Biafra, Cambodia, Rwanda, Sudan and Syria
Judiciary and courts in Germany: Judiciary of Germany
Courts in Germany: Courts in Germany
Federal Criminal Police Office of Germany: Bundeskriminalamt BKA ist eine dem Bundesministerium des Innern nachgeordnete Bundesoberbehörde der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Standorten in Wiesbaden, Berlin und Meckenheim bei Bonn, mit der Aufgabe, die nationale Kriminalitätsbekämpfung in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den Landeskriminalämtern zu koordinieren, unterstützt von zentralen erkennungsdienstlichen und kriminaltechnischen Einrichtungen mit Sammlungen, wobei die Behörde bei ihrer Gründung und für die folgenden 20 Jahre ähnlich wie Justiz, Verfassungsschutz und BND vor allem in der Führungsetage einen zunächst fast hundertprozentigen Bestand an ehemaligen Mitgliedern der NSDAP und Angehörigen der SS aufwies, aufgebaut seit 1951 unter der Leitung der Kriminalkommissare und ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen Paul Dickopf und Rolf Holle, 1959 waren noch zwei Drittel der Beamten im BKA-Führungspersonal ehemalige SS-Mitglieder, drei Viertel gehörten zuvor der NSDAP an, nur zwei von 47 leitenden Beamten des BKA hatten keine NS-Vergangenheit, 33 waren ehemalige SS-Führer, selbst 1969 zählte noch ein Viertel des BKA-Führungspersonals zu ehemaligen SS-Mitgliedern, die Hälfte aller Beamten waren einst Parteimitglieder der NSDAP, wobei auch auch die Organisationsstruktur und die Arbeitsweise aus dem Reichskriminalpolizeiamt, daher schloß sich auch das Verbrechenskonzept und die Theorie der Verbrechensbekämpfung fast nahtlos an die NS-Zeit an, besonders hinsichtlich der Auffassung von Sinti und Roma
Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany: List of intelligence agencies of Germany - Bundesnachrichtendienst BND's Nazi tradition
Foreign relations of Germany: Foreign relations of Germany
German membership of international organisations: German membership of international organisations
Since 1957 Germany and the European Union: Germany and the European Union
11/12 July 2020 the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis is Poland: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war', and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen, promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
Germany/United Nations relations and membership since 1973: Germany and the United Nations
February 1945 Yalta Conference World War II meeting of the heads of government of the USA, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union: February 1945 Yalta Conference World War II meeting of the heads of government of the USA, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe
July/August 1945 Potsdam Conference: July/August 1945 Potsdam Conference and Potsdam Agreement
1945-1949 Allied-occupied Germany: 1945-1949 Allied-occupied Germany, the administration of Germany (unconditional surrendered 'Deutsches Reich') from the May 1945 defeat of NSDAP ruled Germany in World War II until the founding of East- and West Germany in 1949 - Pages of 'Aftermath of World War II in Germany', including 1944 proposed 'Morgenthau Plan' and discussion, other allied plans for German industry after World War II, including since 1947/48 'Marshall Plan', after a USA initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to Western Europe, French ' Monnet Plan' emphasizing expansion, modernization, efficiency, and modern management practice, setting investment targets, and allocating investment funds, as the plan’s process – focusing, prioritizing, and pointing the way – has been called 'indicative planning' to differentiate it from highly directive and rigid Soviet style planning
Since 1945 USA's 'Operation Paperclip', initiated by 'Osenberg List' since 1943: Since 1945 Operation Paperclip - including 'Osenberg List' since 1943 - a secret USA intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former NSDAP ruled Germany to the USA for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, as since May 1945 maily conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency JIOA - it was largely carried out by special agents of the USA Army's Counterintelligence Corps, as many of these personnel were former members, and some were former leaders, of the NSDAP Party and organisations, as the primary purpose for Operation Paperclip was USA military advantage in the Soviet–American Cold War, and the Space Race - USA intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II - CIA's 'Operation Bloodstone', a covert operation whereby the Central Intelligence Agency sought out Nazis and collaborators living in Soviet-controlled areas, to work undercover for USA intelligence inside of the country itself, in Latin America, and Canada, as well as domestically within the USA, as many of those who were hired as part of Bloodstone were high-ranking Nazi intelligence agents who had committed war crimes - Since WWII 'Ratlines', a system of escape routes for Nazis - including the Holocaust organiser Adolf Eichmann, Auschwitz concentration camp's Josef Mengele, the 'Butcher of Lyon' Klaus Barbie protected by the government in 'La Paz' until 1983 - and other fascists fleeing Europe in the aftermath of World War II, as these escape routes mainly led toward havens in Latin America, particularly Argentina though also in Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Chile, Peru, Guatemala, Ecuador and Bolivia, as well as the USA, Spain and Switzerland
January 2020 Mary Robinson and Ban Ki-moon today joined atomic experts marking 75th anniversary of the UN and atomic bombings: 23 January 2020: Mary Robinson and Ban Ki-moon today joined experts from the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists for the unveiling of the Doomsday Clock in Washington DC, an annual assessment of the existential risks faced by humanity, taking into account the precarious state of nuclear arms controls, the growing threat of climate disaster, and how these can be compounded by disruptive new technologies - 6 and 9 August 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as USA detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities with the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement, remaining the only uses of nuclear weapons in armed conflict - Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, followed by a debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, after the used weapons needed to be developed against attackers in a war never been there, and the killed children and innocent victims also in Japan were killed by Japanese, German, Italian and allied war criminals, in a looming age of ultimately indivisible responsibility
5 November 2020 Germany supporting UN resolutions broke recent promises to oppose anti-Israel bias at the UN: 5 November 2020: A committee at the UN General Assembly passed with overwhelming majorities a series of resolutions critical of Israel, lambasting the Jewish state, among other things, for ostensible human rights violations against Palestinians and 'repressive measures' against Syrians in the Golan Heights, as motions are passed annually by the 'UN’s Special Political and Decolonization Committee', with minor adjustments, and ratified by member states in December, with nearly all European countries, including staunch allies of Israel such as Germany and the Czech Republic, traditionally supporting most of these resolutions, and as UN Watch, a Geneva-based nonprofit monitoring the world body’s alleged anti-Israel bias, released a long statement decrying the resolutions passed Wednesday, saying 'world body now adds insult to injury' 'just two weeks after the Palestinian Islamic Jihad terrorist group assaulted Israeli civilians with a barrage of rockets from Gaza — while the UN’s General Assembly and Human Rights Council stayed silent', and as 'same European nations have failed to introduce a single UNGA resolution on the human rights situation in China, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, Turkey, Pakistan, Vietnam, Algeria, or on 175 other countries'
Foreign relations of Germany by continent and bilateral relations: Foreign relations of Germany by continent and countries - Bilateral relations of Germany
Germany/Afghanistan relations: Germany/Afghanistan relations
Germany/Africa relations: Germany/Africa relations
2 December 2022 campaigners celebrate changing of colonial street names in Berlin: 2 December 2022: Campaigners who have fought for decades for Germany to confront its colonial past celebrated the renaming of Berlin places in tribute to figureheads who resisted forced rule in Africa, as Manga Bell Platz in the so-called African Quarter of Berlin’s Wedding district was renamed in memory of Rudolf and Emily Duala Manga Bell, a king and queen of Duala in Cameroon who fought against German colonialism. Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, who had been educated in Germany, was executed along with about 100 other people by German authorities in August 1914 after a sham trial - and after German empire's appalling attack against Belgium in its World War I. The square, a central part of the African Quarter, had until Friday been known as Nachtigalplatz since 1910, after Gustav Nachtigal, the German empire’s commissioner for west Africa who had a key role in the German colonisation of Togo, Cameroon and Namibia in the 1870s. Close by, Lüderitz Strasse, named after colonialist Adolf Lüderitz, a Bremen tradesman once celebrated as the founder of the German-Southwest Africa colony – now Namibia – was given the new name Cornelius Fredericks Strasse. Frederiks was a resistance fighter from the Nama people who was imprisoned in a concentration camp on Shark Island along with a group of almost 1,800 people in 1906. He died on 16 February 1907 from malnutrition and hypothermia. Some of the victims among those held with him were decapitated and their skulls sent to Germany for so-called racial scientists to carry out anthropological research on them. In a ceremony attended by the ambassadors of Cameroon and Namibia, as well as the current King Eboumbou of Douala and his wife.
Germany/Albania relations: Germany/Albania relations
Germany/Algeria relations: Germany/Algeria relations
Germany/Angola relations: Germany/Angola relations - German campaign in Angola 1914-1915 during World War I
Germany/Argentina relations: Germany/Argentina relations
Germany/Armenia relations: Germany/Armenia relations
April 2015: 15 April 2015: Armenian genocide should be called what it was and the German government has a special responsibility, because German officers were among the accessories and accomplices, the Central Council of Jews in Germany says - 17 April 2015: Turkey has never accepted the term genocide for its war crime against Armenians, even though historians have demolished its denial of responsibility for up to 1.5 million deaths - 17 April 2015: SPD-Steinmeier avoids to say 'genocide' for genocide of Armenians, because his party supported World War I from German beginning to end and therefore the war crimes - 17 April 2015: SPD-Schulz disassociates himself from European Parliament's resolution recognizing the Armenan Genocide, because his party supported World War I from German beginning to end and hence the war crimes
Germany/Australia relations: Germany/Australia relations
History of Germany/Australia relations: History of Germany/Australia relations
Germany/Austria relations: Germany/Austria relations
1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss': 1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss'
1939-1945 The Holocaust in Austria during World War II: The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
2012 October 2012 Vienna's first monument to remember people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve: 12 October 2012: Vienna will erect first monument to remember the thousands of people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve in the military during World War II
Germany/Bangladesh relations: Germany/Bangladesh relations
Germany/Belarus relations: Germany/Belarus relations
Belarusian resistance during World War II: Belarusian resistance during World War II
Germany/Belgium relations: Germany/Belgium relations
5–16 August 1914 Battle of Liège: 5–16 August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening German aggression in its invasion of Belgium and the first battle of World War I, the length of the siege of Liège may have delayed the German invasion of France by 4–5 days, railways needed by the German armies in eastern Belgium were closed for the duration of the siege and German murderous troops did not appear in strength before Namur until 20 August - On 6 August 1914 the German Army Zeppelin Z VI bombed the Belgian city of Liège, killing nine civilians, followed by night raids on Antwerp on 25 August and 2 September - Super-heavy howitzer developed by the German armaments manufacturer Krupp were used to destroy the Belgian forts at Liège, Namur, and Antwerp, and the French fort at Maubeuge, applauded by the German press and declared a 'Wunderwaffe' (wonder weapon)
1914-1918: German war crimes since 1914 German invasion and 1914-1918 occupation of Belgium against 1839 Treaty of London - 1839 Treaty of London - the European powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium, article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral, and by implication committed the signatory powers to guard that neutrality in the event of invasion - In August 1914, Ebert led the Social Democratic Party to vote almost unanimously in favour of war loans - German war crimes World War I - Chemical weapons in World War I - April/May 1915 Second Battle of Ypres - Germany used the first time poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front - By 1916 the German Empire had become a military dictatorship under the control of Hindenburg and Ludendorff - The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was over 38 million, over 17 million deaths and 20 million wounded, including about 11 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians, the Allies lost about 6 million military personnel while the so-called Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) lost about 4 million, at least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas and Nazi general Erwin Rommel: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions - 1 October 2020: Belgian government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister, as her paternal grandparents were killed in the bombing of Limal during World War II, and as her mother - an Ashkenazi Jew - lost several relatives in the Holocaust - Limal et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, quand en mai 1940, les Allemands devaient passer la Dyle par le pont de Limal, se trouvait en face d’eux la IIe Division Nord-Africaine, une lutte s'engagea, et quand nombreux furent les soldats français qui payèrent de leur vie cette résistance acharnée qui dura trois jours à Limal - 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers', soit 7500 Allemands et Autrichiens pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs, déportés vers les camps du midi de la France, et quand Winston Churchill devient Premier ministre, succédant à Arthur Neville Chamberlain - 20 mai 1940 20 les chars de Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 24 mai au 27 mai 1940 résistance des bataillons des Royal Welch Fusiliers et Royal Scott Fusiliers sur les canaux au Sud-Ouest de Lille face à la division de Rommel, 7e Panzerdivision - 20 avril 1944 bombardement de Limal qui détruisit presque entièrement le village et fit 31 morts ainsi que plusieurs blessés - 1940-1944 'Des Bombes sur Limal' - Limal 'Monument aux morts', aux victimes civiles et militaires de 1914-1918 et 1940-1945 - 20 avril 1944 victime d'un bombardement médecin Charles Wilmes, mort à l'âge de 34 ans, Place Albert 1er, n° 4, et Marie-Louise Piette, tuée en même temps que son époux
Germany/Benin relations: Germany/Benin relations
Germany/Brazil relations: Germany/Brazil relations
Germany/Bulgaria relations: Germany/Bulgaria relations
1939-1945 World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
Germany/Burundi relations: Germany/Burundi relations
1939-1945 Burundi and German empire's World War II: Ruzagayura famine during World War II
1972 and 1993 Burundi genocide: Burundi genocide 1972 and 1993
1993-2005 Burundian Civil War: Burundian Civil War 1993-2005
Germany/Cameroon relations:
1911-1916 'Neukamerun': a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neukamerun">1911-1916 'Neukamerun' was the name of Central African territories ceded by France to Germany in 1911
Germany/Canada relations: Germany/Canada relations
Germany/Chile relations: Germany/Chile relations
Germany/PR of China relations: Germany/PR of China relations
1899-1901 Boxer rebellion: 1899-1901 Boxer rebellion
Germany/Czech Republic relations: Germany/Czech Republic relations
History of Czech-'Germany' relations: History of Czech-'Germany' relations
1618-1620 Bohemian Revolt against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the 30 Years' War: 1618-1620 The Bohemian Revolt, an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism. The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it. The conflict spread to the rest of Europe and devastated vast areas of Central Europe, including the Czech lands, which were particularly stricken by its violent atrocities.
August-October 1944 'Slovak National Uprising' against NS regime: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War I, as the movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, by social democrats and Communists, and launched from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso - 1944-1945 SS general Hermann Höfle played a leading role in the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising, as after WWII - he was arrested by Czechoslovakian authorities, and tried along with Hanns Ludin, as both were sentenced to death and executed on 9 December 1947, as some sources claim that he died in custody on 3 December - Hanns Elard Ludin (1905 – 9 December 1947 in Bratislava), a German diplomat who became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic in 1941, replacing Manfred von Killinger, as his activities included convincing the Slovak government to comply with deportations for slave labor and providing diplomatic cover to such activities, promoted to SA-Obergruppenführer, committing war crimes, as some years after the war he was arrested and extradited to Czechoslovakia, where he was tried with SS-Obergruppenführer Hermann Höfle, and as Hanns Ludin's youngest son Malte filmed a documentary about the impact of his father's involvement in the Third Reich on his family, called '2 oder 3 Dinge, die ich von ihm weiß', released in 2005 and run in New York City in January 2007 at the Film Forum, as Hanns Ludin's granddaughter Alexandra Senfft later wrote the book 'Schweigen tut weh. Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte'
Since 1938 Czech resistance to Nazi occupation: Czech resistance to Nazi occupation
Germany/Denmark relations: Germany/Denmark relations
1943-1945 arrests and deportations of Danish Jews: Arrests and deportations of Danish Jews 1943-1945
Germany/Egypt relations: Germany/Egypt relations
Germany/Eritrea relations: Germany/Eritrea relations
Germany/Ethiopia relations: Germany/Ethiopia relations
Germany/Finland relations: Germany/Finland relations
April 1918 Battle of Helsinki, German invasion and starvation as a weapon in warfare: April 1918 Battle of Helsinki, as the German empire invaded Helsinki despite the opposition of Finnish White Army leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim who wanted to attack the capital city with his own troops, but the Germans including their Ebert/Scheidemann supporters had their own interest in taking Helsinki as quickly as possible and then moving further east towards the Russian border - April-May 1918 Battle of Lahti - Baltic Sea Division comprising two army brigades from the German Eastern Front, as Germany aimed in 1918 to establish a chain of satellite states in eastern Europe in order to provide raw materials for German industry and food products - Hunger as A Weapon of War in Eastern Europe during the period of World War I - Detachment Brandenstein, unit assigned to cut the railway between Helsinki and Viipuri
1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945
Germany/France relations: Germany/France relations
1914-1918 World War I: World War I 1914-1918 - First Battle of the Marne September 1914 - The Battle of Verdun from 21 February – 18 December 1916 was one of the largest battles of World War I, after the German 5th Army attacked the defences of the Région Fortifiée de Verdun and those of the Second Army garrisons on the right bank of the Meuse, intending to rapidly capture the Côtes de Meuse - In 1916 the German strategy was to inflict mass casualties on the French, to weaken the French Army to the point of collapse, therefore the Germans planned to use a large number of heavy and super-heavy guns to inflict a greater number of casualties than French artillery - In 1980, J. Terraine gave 750,000 Franco-German casualties in 299 days of Verdun battle, E.R. Dupuy and T.N. Dupuy gave 542,000 French casualties in 1993, H. Heer and K. Naumann calculated 377,231 French and 337,000 German casualties - German war crimes World War I - Chemical weapons in World War I - List of French villages destroyed in World War I - French World War I casualties
May/June 1940 German invasion of France during World War II and war crimes: German invasion of France May/June 1940 during World War II - Hitler's general Erwin Rommel and Nazi invasion of France and Belgium 1940, in 1961 the biggest German military barracks named 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' - Hitler's general Heinz Guderian and Nazi invasion of France and Belgium 1940, after 1945 he advised on the re-establishment of military forces in West Germany - Hitler's quartermaster general of the German 'Wehrmacht' 1939-1944 - Allied casualties of the second German assault and war crime within 26 years include 85,310 French soldiers murdered (including 5,400 Maghrebis), 12,000 missing, 120,000 wounded and 1,540,000 prisoners (including 67,400 Maghrebis) - German Military Administration in France 1940-1944 - Vichy France 1940-1944 - German war crimes World War II - Oradour-sur-Glane in Nazi occupied France was destroyed on 10 June 1944, when 642 of its inhabitants, including women and children, were massacred by a German Waffen-SS company - French World War II casualties
Since July 1945 Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad in Paris: Depuis 7 juillet 1945 Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad située dans les 10e et 19e arrondissements de Paris, qui commémore la ville de Russie où les armées soviétiques remportèrent une victoire décisive sur l'armée allemande du 17 juillet 1942 au 2 février 1943, commandée par 'Generalfeldmarschall' Paulus et 'Generalfeldmarschall' Manstein, après la guerre accusé et jugé coupable de crimes de guerre et contre les civils, y compris son commandement à ses troupes de participer aux opérations d'épuration à Simferopol en novembre 1941, aidant au massacre de 11 000 civils Juifs, mais en 1955 le criminel de guerre devient conseiller pour la nouvelle Armée de l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, la Bundeswehr - 'Generalfeldmarschall' Manstein's war crimes, involvement in the Holocaust, and 1949 trial in Hamburg
11 novembre 1968 une foule énorme se déploie à Paris et à 11 heures précises, toutes les cloches des villes de France retentissent: Le 11 novembre 1968, une foule énorme se déploie le long des Champs-Élysées, et à 11 heures précises, toutes les cloches des villes de France retentissent comme lors du cessez-le-feu en 1918
Novembre 1968 le 'Requiem' de Brahms par la chorale des J.M.F. et le 'Studio Orchester' de Hanovre à Saint-Gervais: Le 'Requiem' de Brahms par la chorale des J.M.F., publié le 27 novembre 1968 par Anne Rey, disant 'la récente exécution en l'église Saint-Gervais du Requiem allemand de Brahns par la chorale des Jeunesses Musicales de France et le Studio Orchester de Hanovre avait attiré un nombreux auditoire, généralement très jeune', nené par Klaus Bernbacher - 27 novembre 1968: Le 'Requiem allemand' de Brahms en l'église Saint-Gervais par la chorale des 'Jeunesses musicales de France' et le 'Studio Orchester de Hanovre' avait attiré un nombreux auditoire, généralement très jeune' - L'église Saint-Gervais, estimée par des compositeurs et la famille Couperin, collègues de la famille de J.S. Bach en Thuringe
1914-1918/2014-2018: First World War 1914-1918 centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials - 12 octobre 2013: Les commémorations du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, qui devraient se prolonger sur cinq ans, ont été partiellement dévoilées à Blois - 11 November 2013: France remembers the Armistice that marked the end of World War I in 1918 after four years of bloody conflict that cost millions of lives - 29 mai 2016: Les africains, qui se sont battus dans les tranchées, et le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun de la première guerre mondiale déclarée par l'Allemagne - 29 mai 2016: Bayeux a commémoré le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, conçue par le commandant en chef de l'Armée allemande général Erich von Falkenhayn comme une bataille d'attrition pour 'saigner à blanc l'Armée française' sous un déluge d'obus - 29 mai 2016: Cannes commémore le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, la plus terrible bataille que l'humanité ait connue - 29 mai 2016: Cent ans après l'enfer de Verdun, François Hollande et Angela Merkel commémoraient la bataille de Verdun, une journée placée sous le signe de l'Europe dans un contexte difficile - 1 July 2016: Battle of the Somme centenary commemorations in France and in the United Kingdom - 1 juillet 2016: Près de 600 enfants - 300 Britanniques et 300 Français - doivent participer à la célébration à Thiepval pour célébrer le centenaire de la bataille de la Somme, la plus meurtrière de la Grande Guerre
Germany/Gabon relations: Germany/Gabon relations
June 1940: Le 7 juin 1940 les assassins de la 7e division blindée allemande sous les ordres d'Erwin Rommel, qui séparent alors les Africains des Européens, exécutent sommairement le capitaine N'Tchoréré, qui refuse d’être considéré comme un 'Untermensch', un 'sous-homme' - 1940 Execution of prisoners in France by Nazi Germany and by Rommel's 7th Panzer division alongside troops from 5th Panzer division, committing numerous atrocities against French and especially French-African soldiers, Rommel himself ordered the execution of one French officer, who did not have a gun - 27. Juli 2009: Die 'Wehrmacht' des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands verletzte systematisch - in Deutschland jahrzehntelang geleugnet und verdrängt - die Genfer Kriegskonvention und verübte z.B. 1940 aus rassistischen Motiven Kriegsverbrechen, die der Historiker Raffael Scheck anhand von Dokumenten beschreibt, die belegen wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940 mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen
Germany/Georgia relations: Germany/Georgia relations
Germany/Greece relations: Germany/Greece relations
1941-1945 Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy and occupation: Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy 1941 - Axis occupation of Greece 1941-1945
Nazi war crimes and the Holocaust in Greece: Nazi war crimes in Greece - The Holocaust in Greece - Haidari concentration camp
1967-1974 support for the Greek military dictatorship, including German: Support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974
Germany/Guatemala relations: Germany/Guatemala relations
Germany/Hungary relations: Germany/Hungary relations
Since 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact and World War II 1939-1945: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
Military history of fascist Kingdom of Hungary 1920–46 during World War II: Military history of fascist Kingdom of Hungary 1920–46 during World War II
Hungarian resistance movement of World War II: Hungarian resistance movement of World War II
Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Hungary: Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Hungary
Germany/Indonesia relations: Germany/Indonesia relations
Trade and investment: Trade and investment
February 2019 SPD congratulations to the Iranian regime: 21 February 2019: Congratulations to the Iranian regime, that seeks the destruction of the Jewish state, by SPD politicians including Germany's social democratic FM Heiko Maas, who appeared in a photograph shaking hands with Iran's FM Javad Zarif at the weekend Munich Security conference, Germany's deputy FM SPD-Annen, who celebrated Iranian regime's seizure of power in its embassy in Berlin, and German president SPD-Steinmeier, who sends 'congratulations to the most dangerous regime in the world', condemned by Simon Wiesenthal Center's Abraham Cooper according to 'The Jerusalem Post' - 26 February 2019: Germany’s Central Council of Jews joins criticism of German president over Iran telegram, as Josef Schuster says that 'routine diplomacy appears to have overtaken critical thinking', also rejected as 'shocking' by Human Rights Watch’s Wenzel Michalski
Germany/Iraq relations: Germany/Iraq relations
Germany/Israel relations: Germany/Israel relations
History of the Jews in Germany: History of the Jews in Germany
Since 1882 Aliyah (immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the land of Israel): Aliyah - immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the land of Israel since 1882
1914-1918: 2 August 1914 Ottoman German Alliance in SPD supported World War I - On 14 November 1914 Ottoman Empire declares an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I - 1914-1918 German military commanders to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War were Otto Liman von Sanders, Goltz, Kress von Kressenstein, and more, compare the 'League of German Asian Warriors' affiliated to the NSDAP after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933 - 1914-1918 World War I Middle East's combatants were on the one hand the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire (including Kurds, Persians and some Arab tribes), and on the other hand, the British (with the help of Jews, Greeks, Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs), the Russians and the French from the Allies of World War I, main campaigns include, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign 28 January 1915 – 30 October 1918, the Mesopotamian Campaign 6 November 1914 – 14 November 1918, and the Persian Campaign December 1914 – October 1918
The Holocaust: Holocaust - 30 January 2014: In a speech to the Reichstag on 30 January 1939 Hitler makes first call for Jews’ annihilation - German war crimes
2013: 8 April 2013: Thousands from across the globe marched solemnly at the former Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp to honour the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust during World War II - 18 avril 2013: Condamnés à mourir dans des chambres à gaz, les derniers jeunes juifs du ghetto de Varsovie 1943, ont au moins voulu choisir leur mort et mourir au combat, l'arme à la main, se souvient Simcha Rotem - 14 June 2013: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu, visiting the former Nazi death camp at Auschwitz, says the Jewish state would act - alone if necessary - to prevent a repetition of the Holocaust - 27 June: German court dismisses bid to release full Eichmann files - 9 November 2013: Holocaust survivors, citizens and politicians will marks Nazi pogrom of November 1938 with vigils and tributes to the victims
2014: 28 March 2014: Palestinian students visit Auschwitz in first organized visit in a program, that aims to teach Israeli and Palestinian students about the other side's suffering in effort to study how empathy could facilitate reconciliation - Yom HaShoah 28 April 2014 - 13 July: About 1,000 demonstrators, most of them Palestinian, hold unregistered march protesting Israel's Operation Protective Edge - 16 July: Following its German sister company’s lead, the Dutch branch of Europe’s TUI travel giant has called off all tours of Israel due to the rocket fire there - 18 July: Anti-Semitic slogans chanted at Berlin protest against Israel's Gaza operation - 21. Juli: Eine anti-israelische Kundgebung in Berlin von palästinensischen und politischen Gruppen wie dem Hochschulverband der Partei 'Die Linke' ist am Samstag mit antisemitischen Parolen und dem versuchten Angriff auf ein Ehepaar aus Jerusalem eskaliert - 21 July: Germany's Jewish community is shocked by an 'explosion of evil and violent hatred of Jews' shown by protesters at anti-Israel demonstrations across the country chanting 'gas the Jews' and other anti-Semitic slogans during some pro-Gaza protests - 21 July: As wave of anti-Semitic rallies hits cities across Germany and anti-Israel protester chanted in Dortmund and Frankfurt 'Hamas Hamas Juden ins gas', Jewish community braces itself ahead of Friday’s Iranian-sponsored Al Quds Day March - 24 July: As death toll in the Gaza/Israel conflict rises, officials indicate that ceasefire may take time - 24 July 2014: Parents in Gaza and Israel do not want their children to grow up to kill or be killed in a senseless war that has no end - 30 July: In Israel, 79-year-old Holocaust survivor worries about her Gazan daughter
2017: 25 April 2017: Visiting Israel German FM Sigmar Gabriel says that it would be 'regrettable' if PM Benjamin Netanyahu were to refuse to meet him due to his planned meeting with groups critical of the Israeli army, but insists that he will not change his plans - 26 April 2017: German FM Gabriel met with groups after defying to cancel the meeting, shortly after the meeting one of the groups, B’Tselem co-funded by the FordFoundation, called on the international community to punish Israel for the continued occupation of the West Bank - 10 July 2017: Six people including a number of former senior public officials, suspected of corruption in the potentially fraudulent purchase of naval vessels, questioned as part of the ongoing investigation into the 'submarine affair', in which PM Netanyahu’s personal lawyer David Shimron is suspected of attempting to sway multi-billion-shekel deals in favor of the German shipbuilder ThyssenKrupp, which he represented in Israel
15 January 2020 murderous alliance of SPD, German TV and Iranian Mullah regime: 15 January 1919 SPD-supported murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in Berlin, 13 January 2020 German TV and SPD support for Iranian regime's denial of its brutal shootdown of a Ukrainian jetliner, as Iranian regime's Rohani warned on 15 January that European soldiers in the Mideast 'could be in danger', as regime's FM acknowledged that Iranians 'were lied to' for days following its brutal shootdown of a Ukrainian jetliner that killed 176 people, and as the state of Israel, founded following the Holocaust committed by Germany, is continuously forced to defend itself against terrorists also in Syria, where Assad is allied with the Russian, the Iranian Mullah regime and Hezbollah terrorists - 15 January 2020: Russian Jew David Dushman, one of the last surviving soldiers to have taken part in the liberation of the Auschwitz camp in January 1945, since 1996 living in southern Germany and still struggling to explain how such a catastrophe could happen, joined the Red Army in 1941 after Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, today saying 'they were standing there, all of them in (prisoner) uniforms, only eyes, only eyes, very narrow - that was very terrible, very terrible'
20 January 2020 Rachel Hanan's son says Holocaust forum should have been honoring survivors first and foremost: 20 January 2020: Many leaders and even war criminal Putin - allied with the Iranian Mullah regime, Assad and Hezbollah terrorists - and German president, but few actual survivors invited to landmark Holocaust event, as Yaron Hanan, son of former Auschwitz prisoner Rachel Hanan, who was not among 30 given tickets to event, says forum should have been honoring survivors first and foremost, adding 'I think they’re no less essential to representing what took place there than anything else this ceremony is intended to achieve', and as Environmental Protection Minister Ze’ev Elkin says he would hand over his invitation to a survivor who wished to attend but was not invited, and called on his fellow ministers to do the same
Germany/Italy relations: Germany/Italy relations
1914-1918 Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I and Erwin Rommel: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I - Battles of the Isonzo 1915-1917 in World War I - The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army in the Battle of Caporetto 1917, Erwin Rommel (later Hitler's favorite general) won the 'Pour le Mérite' for his role in the battle - In 1917 the 1944 Nobel laureate Otto Hahn was one of three officers, disguised in Austrian uniforms, sent to the Isonzo front in Italy to find a suitable location for an attack, utilising newly developed rifled minenwerfers that simultaneously hurled hundreds of containers of poison gas onto enemy targets, as they selected a site where the Italian trenches were sheltered in a deep valley so that a gas cloud would persist, the 'Battle of Caporetto' broke through the Italian line and the Central Powers overran much of northern Italy, as in 1918 the German offensive in the west smashed through the Allies' lines after a massive release of gas from their mortars
1915-1918 German empire's 'Gastruppe' and Nobel laureate 'Haber's rule': 1915-1918 'Gastruppe' durante la prima guerra mondiale, le truppe tedesche incaricate dell'uso dei gas sotto la supervisione del premio Nobel 1918 Fritz Haber - 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three', 4 October 1914 proclamation originally titled in English 'To the Civilized World' by 'Professors of Germany', declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in World War I - Since 1915 Fritz Haber, who played a major role in the development of the non-ballistic use of chemical warfare in World War I, in spite of the proscription of their use in shells by the Hague Convention of 1907 and to which Germany was a signatory, formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and the necessary exposure time which became known as 'Haber's rule', as during the 1920s his institute developed the cyanide gas formulation Zyklon A
1936/1937 Anti-Comintern Pact and 1939-1945 World War II: 1936/1937 Anti-Comintern Pact and 1939-1945 World War II
29 June 1944 Civitella massacre of 244 civilians by german soldiers of the 'Wehrmacht', never charged in Germany: 29 June 1944 massacre of 244 civilians in Civitella was done by german soldiers of the 'Wehrmacht', never charged in Germany
Since 1945 'Schrank der Schande', 'Armadio della vergogna', 'LA MEMORIA': - LA MEMORIA - Armadio della vergogna - Schrank der Schande (staatlich versteckte Akten über deutsche Kriegsverbrechen)
2012/2013 report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians and reactions: 19 December 2012: At the presentation of a report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians, Italy presses Germany on conviction of former Nazis - 29 July 2013 and its truth: The murderer SS-Priebke and free man in 2013 said, that the victims - from 14 year old boys (today 83) to 75 year old men - were, in his view at the time, terrorists - 15 October 2013: Angry protests mark funeral of Nazi war criminal SS officer Erich Priebke in Italy - 16 October: Italy marked the 70th anniversary of the round-up and deportation of Jews from Rome's ghetto on Wednesday, amid turmoil over the burial of Nazi war criminal Erich Priebke and his Holocaust-denying final statement - 18 October: 90-year-old former Nazi soldier Alfred Stork sentenced in absentia by a military court in Rome which found him guilty of taking part in the execution of at least 117 Italian officers on the Greek island of Cephalonia - 19 October 2013: Nazi war criminal Priebke to be buried in 'secret location' in Italy
15 August 2020 after 76 years victims of 1944 Nazi Fosse Ardeatine massacre identified: 15 August 2020: After 76 years, victims of 1944 Fosse Ardeatine massacre, in which civilians were killed by Nazi German occupation soldiers in reprisal for a partisan attack on an SS regiment in Italy, identified through DNA testing, as two of those who died can now finally be honored by families, and as David Reicher's father Marian, a Polish Jew who fled to Italy during WWII, was among the 335 civilians murdered in the indiscriminate mass killings, which targeted Jews and Gentiles of all ages, from all professions, and socioeconomic groups, during the German led massacre period following the overthrow of Mussolini, as Nazi Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel became commander of German Army Group B in Italy since July 1943, to force Italy to continue Nazi's war after the overthrow of the war criminal Mussolini, as EU's present-day president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen calls Erwin Rommel a resistance fighter
Germany/Japan relations: Germany/Japan relations
1939-1945 World War II and Japanese and German war crimes: 1939-1945 World War II - Japanese war crimes - German war crimes in World War II - War crimes of the Wehrmacht
Germany–Korea relations: Germany–Korea relations
Germany/North Korea relations: Germany/North Korea relations
February 2018 North Korea acquiring equipment and technology for its nuclear and weapons programmes through its Berlin embassy: 4 February 2018: North Korea has been acquiring equipment and technology for its nuclear and weapons programmes through its Berlin embassy, according to Germany’s domestic intelligence BfV
Germany/South Korea relations: Germany/South Korea relations
Germany/Kuwait relations: Germany/Kuwait relations
Germany/Latvia relations: Germany/Latvia relations
Baltic Germans: Baltic Germans
July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues: July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues
Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45: Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45
Germany/Lebanon relations: Germany/Lebanon relations
Germany/Libya relations: Germany/Libya relations
1936-1945 and German invasion of North Africa 1941: World War II North African campaign 1940-1943 and German invasion
Germany/Lithuania relations: Germany/Lithuania relations
Resistance in Lithuania during World War II: Resistance in Lithuania during World War II
Germany/Luxembourg relations: Germany/Luxembourg relations
1959 Germany/Luxembourg Compensation Agreement for Victims of the Nazi Regime on paying DM 18 million: 1959 Germany/Luxembourg 'Bilateral Compensation Agreement for Victims of the Nazi Regime' on paying DM 18 million
Germany/Luxembourg economic and financial relations: Business in Luxembourg - Economy, finance and companies of Luxembourg
Germany/Malta relations: Germany/Malta relations
Since January 1941 German intervention: Since January 1941 German intervention
Germany/Middle East relations: Germany/Middle East relations
1871-1945 Germany and the Middle East: 2004: Germany and the Middle East, 1871-1945
1939-1945 submarine warfare in German, Italian and Japanese empires' World War II: Submarine warfare in World War II
Germany/Mozambique relations: Germany/Mozambique relations
Germany/Namibia relations: Germany/Namibia relations
Germany/Netherlands relations: Germany/Netherlands relations
Germany/New Zealand relations: Germany/New Zealand relations
1914-1918: Military history of New Zealand in World War I
Germany/Nigeria relations: Germany/Nigeria relations
Germany/North Macedonia relations: Germany/North Macedonia-Yugoslavia relations
The Holocaust in Macedonia 1941-1945: The Holocaust in Macedonia 1941-1945
Germany/Norway relations: Germany/Norway relations
German occupation and the Holocaust in Norway: Jewish deportees from Norway during World War II - The Holocaust in Norway
1945-2007 NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger scandal: NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger-Affäre (1945 bis 2007) - Justizmorde als NS-Richter - 'Furchtbare Juristen' (mit dem Untertitel 'Die unbewältigte Vergangenheit unserer Justiz') behandelt die Verbrechen der deutschen Justiz in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und die durch Übernahme von NS-vorbelasteten Juristen in den Staatsdienst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verhinderte gerichtliche Aufarbeitung ebendieser Verbrechen - 1. September 2009: Österreichs Nationalratspräsidentin Prammer fordert eine 'lückenlose Rehabilitation' der Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz - Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz sind Personen, die von Militärgerichten (einschließlich Feldgerichten und Ersatzgerichten) in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus verurteilt wurden, während des Zweiten Weltkrieges haben Militärrichter etwa 30.000 Todesurteile gefällt
Germany/Palestinian territories relations: Germany/Palestinian territories relations
World War I 1914-1918 started by the German and Austrian empires: World War I 1914-1918 started by the German and Austrian empires
1908-1922 Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire: Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922
Germany/Papua New Guinea relations: Germany/Papua New Guinea relations
1884-1919 'Kaiser-Wilhelmsland': 'Kaiser-Wilhelmsland' 1884-1919
Germany/Peru relations: Germany/Peru relations
Germany/Poland relations: Germany/Poland relations
Since 1772 Prussian Partition: Since 1772 Prussian Partition
Since 1885 mass deportation of Poles by the German Empire: Since 1885 mass deportation of Poles from territories controlled by the German Empire
Aftermath of the First World War: Aftermath of the First World War
6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of ill prepared Poland after French and British pressure not to mobilize: 6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of Poland, fought between the armies of Poland and Nazi Germany in World War II, after reason for Poland's late and insufficient mobilization was pressure from the French and the British not to mobilize, and as since 29 August 1939, when the Poles re—started the mobilization against advice from Paris and London, it was too late - Since 1938 'Western betrayal' (and earlier) concerning the fact that France, the United Kingdom, and sometimes the USA failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II, also sometimes referring to the treatment of other Central and Eastern European states at the time, enabling World War II that lasted from 1939 to 1945, the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe, and the August 1945 atomic bombings forcing Japanese war criminals to surrender
1940 German mass murder 'Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion' in Poland: 1940 German 'Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion' in Poland, a second stage of the Nazi German campaign of violence and mass murder during World War II aimed to eliminate the intellectuals and the upper classes of Polish society across the territories slated for eventual annexation, as most of the killings were arranged in a form of mass disappearances from multiple cities and towns upon the German arrival, and in the spring and summer of 1940, more than 30,000 Poles were arrested by the Nazi authorities in German-occupied central Poland, about 7,000 of them including community leaders, professors, teachers and priests were subsequently massacred secretly at various locations including at the Palmiry forest, the others were sent to German concentration camps
27 January 2020 Holocaust survivors gather at the former German Auschwitz death camp: 27 January 2020: 75 years after the liberation of Auschwitz, Holocaust survivors gather at the former German Nazi death camp to honor its over 1.1 million mostly Jewish victims and to share their testimony as a stark warning amid a recent surge of anti-Semitic attacks on both sides of the Atlantic and especially fresh concerns over anti-Semitism in Europe, after war criminal Novichok-Putin, falsely accusing Poland of colluding with German Nazi dictator Hitler and contributing to the outbreak of World War II, spoke in Jerusalem on 23 January, and as Germany since 1961 refuses to rename Nazi general Erwin Rommel barracks in Augustdorf, continuing Nazi propaganda, misleading and indoctrinating young people and generations, as neo-Nazis and AfD since 2015 got stronger in Germany and elsewhere
Germany/Portugal relations: Germany/Portugal relations
Germany/Romania relations: Germany/Romania relations
History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust in Romania - June 1941 Iasi pogrom
Germany/Russia relations: Germany/Russia relations
17 July 1944: 17 July 1944 Red Army reaches the Russian border, as some of the 57,000 German PoWs march through the streets of Moscow to demonstrate the success of the Red Army, amongst those captured 19 German Hitler-generals, before symbolically cleaning the streets afterwards - July 1944 Field Marshal von Rundstedt, at the time Commander-in-Chief in the West, had told Fuhrer HQ that it was 'time to make peace’ and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, injured on the 17th July thanks to resistance against Nazi-Germany, sent his last report on the battle in France - Since 1941 German war crimes in the East under Field Marshal von Rundstedt's command, as Army Group South actively participated in the policies outlined in the Hunger Plan, the Nazi racial starvation policy, by 'living off the land', denying food supplies to Soviet prisoners of war and civilians, and as Rundstedt shared the general German Army prejudice against the 'Ostjuden', and killings took place with the knowledge and support of the German Army
Resistance movement against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II: Soviet partisans, resistance movement that fought a guerrilla war against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II
2014: 14 March: Germany warns Putin regime of further EU sanctions if it doesn't step back in its intervention in Ukraine - 14 April 2014: Senior French and German officials have warned that the surge in nationalism fueling the crisis in Ukraine, where separatists in the East are seeking to join Russia, echoes the ideas that led to World War I - 27 April: A German-led eight-member group of OSCE military observers accused of being NATO spies by Ponomarev, the self-proclaimed 'people's mayor' of Slovyansk, remains in captivity - 29 April: The German government has sought to distance itself from the country's former chancellor Gerhard Schroeder after he was reported to have partied with Russia's Putin despite tension over the crisis in Ukraine - 4 August: Germany suspends military exports of Rheinmetall to Russia
2016: 27 March 2016: Regarding how Putin's aggression in eastern Ukraine is portrayed in the media around the world, German journalist and former Moscow bureau chief of Focus magazine shares his thoughts in Ukrainian TV-interview on the impact of Russian influnce in the German media - 22/23 June 2016: 75 years after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Ukraine's intelligence reports dozens of flights of Russian assault and reconnaissance drones, as Russian-backed separatist forces launched 46 attacks on Ukrainian troops in eastern Ukraine killing one Ukrainian soldier and injuring eleven overnight - 30 August 2016: As Russian regime's brutality in Syria and Ukraine continues and escalates, Germany's Merkel says 'I'm interested in lifting sanctions from Russia' - 20 October 2016: As French president Hollande uses the phrase 'war crimes', France and Germany allege to press Russian Putin regime to extend a pause in air strikes in Syria and halt the 'criminal' bombardment of civilians, Reuters reports
2014-2018 First World War centenary: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials
Since August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili in Berlin and search for assassins: 23 August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili in Berlin and international search for Khangoshvili's assassins - 30 August 2019: Similar to the Skripal case, suspected assassin 'Vadim Andreevich Sokolov' in the Berlin killing of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili used fake identity documents, a valid Moscow-issued passport and cover identity, created very recently and most likely custom-made for the specific operation in Berlin, leading to the possibilities that he may have been assassinated in an operation led by either of the FSB, the GRU or even Ramzan Kadyrov’s apparatus, Bellingcat says - 3 September 2019: Suspected assassin 'Vadim Sokolov' visited by Russian diplomats - 4 September 2019: Protesters demonstrate outside the Russian embassy in Berlin against the suspected assassination of Chechen Khangoshvili, as British historian and specialist in Russian Intelligence Services Mark Galeotti sees parallels between this case and the attack on Skripal in the UK, saying that the new case is 'probably an assassination choreographed by state elements in Russia'
22 June 2022 volunteers arranged candles in St Petersburg to commemorate Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union: 22 June 2022: Some 150 volunteers arranged 50-thousand candles in St Petersburg early on Wednesday to commemorate the 81st anniversary of Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. NSDAP ruled Germany launched 'Operation Barbarossa', a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941, followed by never seen war crimes, as World War II losses of the Soviet Union from all related causes were about 27,000,000 both civilian and military, although exact figures are disputed. The post-Soviet government of Russia puts the Soviet war losses at 26.6 million. - 23 January 1930 – 1 July 1944 Tanya Savicheva, a Russian child diarist who endured the siege of Leningrad during World War II. During the siege, Savicheva recorded the successive deaths of each member of her family in her diary, with her final entry indicating her belief to be the sole living family member. Although Savicheva was rescued and transferred to a hospital, she succumbed to intestinal tuberculosis in July 1944 at age 14. Her image and the pages from her diary became symbolic of the human cost of the siege of Leningrad, and she is remembered in St. Petersburg with a memorial complex on the Green Belt of Glory along the Road of Life. Her diary was used during the Nuremberg Trials as evidence of the Nazis’ crimes.
29 August 2023 documents show Putin’s order to move superyacht before 2022 Ukraine invasion: 25 March 2022: Vladimir Putin moved his $100m superyacht from a German shipyard to Russia just weeks before he ordered the invasion of Ukraine, according to secret documents released in a new investigation by a Russian anti-corruption organisation set up by jailed opposition leader Alexei Navalny, showing that the Russian president ordered the urgent moving of the 82-metre superyacht called Graceful from a shipyard in Hamburg, where it was undergoing a $32m refit, by 1 February 2022. Just 15 days later – on 22 February – Putin ordered the fullblown invasion of Ukraine. After the invasion, the USA, UK and EU imposed sanctions on Russian-owned assets overseas, and dozens of oligarch-owned superyachts were seized across the world.
Germany/Saudi-Arabia relations: Germany/Saudi-Arabia relations
30 September 2022 Germany approves new arms exports to Saudi Arabia, oil lubricates: 30 September 2022: Germany's Economy Minister and Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck from the Green Party confirmed in a letter to the German federal parliament that several deals on arms exports had been approved by SPD-Chancellor Olaf Scholz before his trip to Saudi Arabia, despite the SPD, the Green Party and the FDP recently said they would continue the embargo, imposed as a result of the kingdom's involvement in the war in Yemen- 23.05.2022: 2021 ist der Anteil von Sport Utility Vehicles SUV an allen Neuzulassungen laut Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt auf 25,4% gestiegen, ein Plus von über 4%. In diesem Zeitraum wurden insgesamt 667.096 Exemplare dieses Auto-Typs erstmals angemeldet, wobei durstige SUVs in der Kompakt-, Mittel- und Oberklasse bis zu 17,4 Liter Sprit auf 100 Kilometer verbrauchen
Germany/Senegal relations: Germany/Senegal relations
June 1940: Le 7 juin 1940 les assassins de la 7e division blindée allemande sous les ordres d'Erwin Rommel, qui séparent alors les Africains des Européens, exécutent sommairement le capitaine N'Tchoréré, qui refuse d’être considéré comme un 'Untermensch', un 'sous-homme' - 27. Juli 2009: Der Historiker Raffael Scheck beschreibt anhand von Dokumenten, wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940, kurz nach der Kapitulation Frankreichs, mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen - 1940 Execution of prisoners in France by Nazi Germany and by Rommel's 7th Panzer division alongside troops from 5th Panzer division, committing numerous atrocities against French and especially French-African soldiers, Rommel himself ordered the execution of one French officer, who did not have a gun
Since 1940: On 20 June 1940 Senegalese poet, politician, and cultural theorist Léopold Sédar Senghor was taken prisoner by the Germans in la Charité-sur-Loire and finally interned at Front Stalag 230 reserved for colonial troops, German soldiers wanted to execute him and the others the same day they were captured, but they escaped this fate by yelling Vive la France, vive l'Afrique noire!, and after French officer told the soldiers that executing the African prisoners would dishonour the Aryan race - 16 juin 2011: Le poète sénégalais Léopold Sédar Senghor raconte dans un rapport son internement au sein des camps de troupes coloniales de 1940 à 1942 - 21 juin 2011: Le sort des tirailleurs sénégalais pendant la campagne de France en mai-juin 1940, et leur massacre par l'armée régulière allemande
Germany/Slovakia relations: Germany/Slovakia relations
1939-1945 Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia: Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia
History of the Jews in Slovakia, the Slovak Republic 1939-1945 and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Slovakia - The Slovak Republic and the Holocaust
1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe: Anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe 1944–46
August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising
Germany/Slovenia relations: Germany/Slovenia relations
Battles of the Isonzo 1915-1917 in World War I: Battles of the Isonzo 1915-1917 in World War I
1941 Invasion of Yugoslavia by Axis Powers Germany/Italy in World War II: - Invasion of Yugoslavia 1941 by the Axis Powers in World War II
Germany/Somalia relations:
Germany/Spain relations: Germany/Spain relations
1936-1939: 1936-1939 German involvement in the Spanish Civil War following the military coup of July 1936 against the Spanish democracy, with German dictator Hitler immediately sending in powerful air and armored units to assist General Franco and fascist Spain
1915 Neutral Swedish ship torpedoed without warning by German submarine: 13 March 1915: First neutral ship Swedish S.S. 'Hanna' torpedoed without warning and sunk by German submarine
Humanitarian efforts during World War II: Sweden's humanitarian efforts during World War II
2011/2012 tax evasion amnesty: 22. September 2011: Amnestie für Steuerbetrüger - neu ausgehandeltes Steuerabkommen mit der Schweiz auf anonymer Grundlage - 30. März 2012: SPD-geführte Bundesländer verweigern die Zustimmung zum Steuerabkommen zwischen Deutschland und der Schweiz - 31 March: Swiss authorities issue arrest warrants for 3 German tax inspectors doing their duty to chase German tax cheats - 1. April: Scharfe Kritik an Schweizer Justizbehörde und ihrer Haftbefehle gegen bundesdeutsche Steuerfahnder wegen deren Einsatz gegen Wirtschaftskriminalität - auch CDU-Finanzminister Schäuble in der Kritik - 11 July: France, Germany tax evasion inquiries target Swiss bank (Credit Suisse and UBS) clients - 11 August: Accusations that Swiss banks (UBS etc.) are helping German citizens dodge taxes grow - 12. August: Vorwurf organisierter Kriminalität Schweizer Banken - 25 September: Efforts by German inspectors to trace tax evader's money in Switzerland are causing tensions between the two nations - 23 November 2012: Germany's upper house rejects deal with Switzerland to tax German assets held in Swiss bank accounts - 12 December 2012: The Swiss-German tax deal designed to regularise the estimated €200bn of undeclared German assets hidden in Swiss bank accounts has finally collapsed
2015: 23 January: German companies reportedly helped the Syrian Assad regime (father and son Bashar) and Iraqi Saddam regime produce chemical weapons programs - 10 March 2015: A delegation of Syrian women attended the World Conference for Women held in Berlin and organized by the Iranian opposition - 8 June 2015: Despite Western sanctions, Assad's military forces and militias in possession of munitions from Germany, China, Egypt, Russia and USA (including cluster munitions used against many Syrian cities), leaked report claims - 20 August 2015: Syrian Coalition calls for sit-in in Berlin on 2nd anniversary of Ghouta chemical massacre, to show solidarity with August 2015 Douma massacre victims, to pay homage to the victims of the 2013 Ghouta massacre and to all victims of Assad’s war on the Syrian people, and to decry the international silence and passiveness - 14 September: First Syrians halted minutes after German checks begin enforcing again asylum rules, that had been relaxed for those fleeing brutal civil war - 10 October: Syrian Coalition and the Syrian community in Germany call to join the demonstration in Berlin on 17 October to protest against the Russian invasion of Syria and Putin’s support for the dictator Assad - 19 October 2015: Demonstrations in Berlin to protest against Russia’s aggression on Syria - 3 December 2015: Evidence of oil and food transactions, including items imported from Russia, between the Assad regime and Islamic State terrorists reported by German Foreign Ministry and Syrian officer - 4 December: German parliament backs plan to join USA-led anti-Isis military campaign and to provide support staff and reconnaissance jets, but Germans will not actively engage in combat
13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - 13 January 2022 Anwar Raslan sentenced to imprisonment for life and given a week to appeal the verdict, according to 'Wikipedia'
Januar 2022 OLG Koblenz nutzt das Weltrechtsprinzip: 13. Januar 2022: Weil der Prozess vor dem ICC in Den Haag derzeit noch unmöglich ist (Syrien unter Assad ist dem Gerichtshof nicht beigetreten), und der UN-Sicherheitsrat ihn nicht beauftragt, weil Rußlands Putin Regime - mit dem syrischen Assad Regime verbündet - es verhindert, hat das OLG Koblenz in 2022 das Weltrechtsprinzip genutzt, das in vielen Ländern umgesetzt werden kann. Es greift seit 2002 bei Straftaten wie Völkermord, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit oder Kriegsverbrechen. Sie können auch dann in Deutschland verfolgt werden, wenn die Tat im Ausland begangen wurde und weder Täter noch Opfer Deutsche sind. Täter schwerster Verbrechen sollen in Deutschland nicht frei leben können. Menschenrechtler werteten den Koblenzer Prozess als wichtiges Signal. Von einem 'Meilenstein' spricht RA Patrick Kroker vom Europäischen Zentrum für Verfassungs- und Menschenrechte ECCHR, der einige Nebenkläger vertreten hat.
Germany/Tanzania relations: Germany/Tanzania relations
Germany/Thailand relations: Germany/Thailand relations
1939-1945 Axis powers World War II and Thailand's military alliance: 1939-1945 Axis powers World War II and Thailand's military alliance with Japan 1941–1945
Germany/Togo relations:
Germany/Tunisia relations: Germany/Tunisia relations
Germany/Turkey relations: Germany/Turkey relations
Since 2 August 1914 Ottoman–German alliance: Since 2 August 1914 Ottoman–German alliance
1914-1918 World War I: On 14 November 1914 Ottoman Empire declares an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I - 1914-1918 German military commanders to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War were Otto Liman von Sanders, Goltz, Kress von Kressenstein, and more, compare the 'League of German Asian Warriors' affiliated to the NSDAP after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933 - 1914-1918 World War I Middle East's combatants were on the one hand the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire (including Kurds, Persians and some Arab tribes), and on the other hand, the British (with the help of Jews, Greeks, Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs), the Russians and the French from the Allies of World War I, there were five main campaigns, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign 28 January 1915 – 30 October 1918, the Mesopotamian Campaign 6 November 1914 – 14 November 1918, the Caucasus Campaign 24 October 1914 – 30 October 1918, the Persian Campaign December 1914 – October 1918, and the Gallipoli Campaign 25 April 1915 – 9 January 1916
1914-1918 German and Austro-Hungarian empire's WWI split Ukrainians into two separate and opposing armies: Ukraine during World War I - Ukrainian State 29 April 1918 - December 1918
2015: 27 April 2015: German government reportedly knew Ukraine flight dangers before MH17 crash in July 2014 - 7/8 May 2015: Amid deep divisions over Russian regime's aggession against Ukraine, Poland's president is leading international commemorations in Gdansk marking the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II, Ukraine's Poroshenko pays tribute to those killed in World War II and UN's Ban Ki-moon demands to protect future generations from war and conflict - 8 May 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon and Ukraine's Poroshenko lay flowers at World War II memorial in Kyiv - 22 June 2015: Ukrainian President Poroshenko lays wreath in Kyiv to mark anniversary of Nazi invasion and in memory of World War II victims - 1 August 2015: Germany shelves Nazi crimes probe of SS-commander Michael Karkoc now living in USA, who commanded a unit in the SS-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion accused of burning villages filled with women and children, based on wartime documents, testimony from other members of the unit and Karkoc’s own Ukrainian-language memoir - 12 August 2015: Researchers open 'neglected chapter' of Ukraine's Holocaust history, as investigation led by Patrick Desbois reveals that killings in western Ukraine were not carried out using the industrialised methods of Auschwitz and other death camps, but instead Jews were rounded up and shot, one by one, sometimes kicked or beaten to death, and no records were kept
- 14 December 2021: Ukraine is in talks with Germany to unblock the purchase by Kyiv of weapons systems to counter Russian aggression through the NATO Support and Procurement Agency
26 August 2022 so-called 'left wing' of SPD party will stop arms supplies to Ukraine, start talks with Russia: 26 August 2022: So-called 'left wing' of Scholz’s SPD party (and former chancellor Schroeder's) seeks to stop arms supplies to Ukraine, start talks with Russia, Kyiv Independent's daily news reports - During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine since February, Russian authorities and armed forces have committed war crimes by carrying out deliberate attacks against civilian targets and indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas. The Russian military exposed the civilian population to unnecessary and disproportionate harm by using cluster munitions and by firing other explosive weapons with wide-area effects such as bombs, missiles, heavy artillery shells and multiple launch rockets. The result of the Russian forces' attacks has been damage and destruction to civilian buildings including houses, hospitals, schools, kindergartens, nuclear power plants, historic buildings, and churches. As of the beginning of July, the attacks had resulted in the documented death or injury of more than 10,000 civilians including the documented death of 335 children, although the actual numbers are likely much higher, according to 'Wikipedia' with regular updates
Germany/United Kingdom relations: Germany/United Kingdom relations
Prior to WWI Hapag's chief tried to acted as mediator: Prior to World War I HAPAG's (Hamburg-America Line) general director Albert Ballin, which for that time was the world's largest shipping company, acted as mediator between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in the tense years prior to German empire's assault upon European countries, terrified that the company would lose its ships in the event of naval hostilities, and attempting to broker a deal whereby the United Kingdom and Germany would continue to race one another in passenger liners but desist in their attempts to best one another's naval fleets, as consequently the beginning of World War I deeply disillusioned him and he committed suicide in 1918 - Since August 1914 during World War I - as 'The Imperator' and the 'Vaterland' were briefly in service before the war - in 1914 the 'Vaterland' was caught in port at Hoboken in New Jersey at the beginning of German empire's aggression and interned by the USA, then seized and later renamed 'Leviathan' after the declaration of war on Germany following its restarted unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, then served for the duration and beyond as a troopship, as in 1917 Hapag's liner 'Allemannia' was torpedoed by German submarine near Alicante and two people were lost
December 1914 German raid on Scarborough etc: German raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby
11 July 2020 'the most terrible camp' called Sylt on UK soil constructed by Nazi Germany after June 1940: 11 July 2020: 'The most terrible camp', as after 80 years cruelty of SS site Lager Sylt on UK soil constructed on Alderney after the island was occupied in June 1940 revealed, and as archaeologists publish in-depth survey highlighting the historical importance of the oft-overlooked Lager Sylt, as well as the physical and psychological torture of its inmates, mostly East Europeans and a large contingent of French Jews, as French prisoners dubbed Alderney 'le rocher maudit' underlining the brutality of the wind-swept, sea-beaten and remote island with a prewar civilian population of 1,400 people evacuated by Britain when, deeming them too difficult to defend, it pulled out of the Channel Islands after the fall of France in June 1940 - Since June 1940 history of Alderney during World War II and German occupation - Since January 1942 'Lager Sylt' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney on the British Channel Islands, built along with three other labour camps by the Organisation Todt, as the control of Lager Sylt changed since 1943 when it was run by the Schutzstaffel SS-Baubrigade 1 becoming a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp located in Hamburg - 'Lager Norderney' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian island of Norderney, housing European (usually Eastern but including Republican Spaniards) and Russian enforced labourers, as prisoners in Lager Sylt were also slave labourers
Germany/USA relations: Germany/USA relations
1933/1998/2007: From 1931 to 1945 in the Brown House in Munich, funds for renovation of this NSDAP party headquarters provided by industrialist Fritz Thyssen, Hitler kept a life-size portrait of Henry Ford next to his desk, since Ford and Adolf Hitler admired each other's achievements - In July 1938 Henry Ford received the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner, and James D. Mooney, vice-president of overseas operations for General Motors, received a similar medal - 30 November 1998: Major USA car companies Ford and General Motors scrutinized for alleged Nazi collaboration over their business dealings with Nazi Germany, embroiled in a debate that 'GM was an integral part of the German war effort' - 30 November 2006: How General Motors helped jump-start the Third Reich’s military machine - 5 May 2007: Hitler’s carmaker - the inside story of how General Motors helped mobilize the Third Reich
2013: 19 June 2013: Obama's arrival in Berlin, calling in his speech at Brandenburg Gate for a one-third reduction of the United States' and Russia's nuclear stockpiles - 30 June: US taps half a billion phone calls, emails and text messages in Germany in a typical month and has classed its biggest European ally as a target similar to China, according to secret US documents - 17 July 2013: German military reportedly knew about US surveillance programme - 21 July: Germany's two main intelligence services reportedly used NSA programme to spy on citizens - 3 August: German intelligence agency BND providing the National Security Agency of the USA with vast amounts of data about the telecommunications information it has obtained - 11 August: Germany intensively targeted by US surveillance programs, countries of greatest interest to the US are China, Russia, Pakistan, Iran, North Korea and Afghanistan, according to a document from the Snowden archive - 13. September: Verfassungsschutz spionierte für US-Geheimdienste - Maaßen stimmte zu - 17 October: The US Federal Reserve orders German Commerzbank to fix money-laundering measures - 23 October: Obama tells Merkel US is not monitoring her communications but did not deny reports that US intelligence in the past have listened to calls of Angela Merkel - 25 October 2013: Action wanted from US President Barack Obama, not just apologetic words, Angela Merkel says after EU talks dominated by allegations that the NSA had accessed tens of thousands of French phone records and monitored Angela Merkel's mobile phone - 27 October 2013: Since 2002 War-Merkel's phone reportedly tracked by US - 27 October: Obama was personally informed of mobile phone tapping against Merkel since 2010, according to USA intelligence sources - 31 October: German MP Hans-Christian Stroebele meets Edward Snowden in Moscow and says, he is willing to come to Germany to assist investigations into US surveillance - 6 November: Merkel's government wants Edward Snowden to give evidence in Moscow, not Berlin
2015: 3 May 2015: German PM Merkel joins Holocaust survivors to mark the liberation of Nazi concentration camp in Dachau by USA soldiers 70 years ago, thanking the camp's survivors for their work in telling their eyewitness stories of the horrors they experienced - 27. Januar 2012: Um als Zeitzeuge bei Schulbesuchen über seine persönliche Erinnerung an die NS-Zeit zu berichten, reist Abba Naor jedes Jahr nach Deutschland, da er - nachdem er in München auf der Polizeiwache in der Ettstraße einen deutschen Polizisten wiedererkannt hatte, der als Wachmann im Ghetto Kaunas Juden Flaschen auf die Köpfe gestellt hatte, um sie herunterzuschießen - heute in Israel lebt - 4 May 2015: German PM Merkel defends German intelligence cooperation with USA spy agency, also claiming once more that it is not acceptable for friendly nations to spy on each other and promising that her office will provide 'full details' about intelligence cooperation - 7 May 2015: German secret service BND reduces cooperation with NSA after NSA fails to provide clear reasons for each request for surveillance of individuals or organisations - 2 July: Germany summons USA ambassador after WikiLeaks publishes what it says is evidence of NSA eavesdropping on ministers - 8. Juli 2015: NSA hörte laut Wiki-Leaks Regierungsumfeld von Kohl bis Merkel schon seit den 1990er-Jahren ab - 16 July 2015: SS officer Oskar Gröning escaped prosecution in Britain nearly 70 years ago because of the USA’s desire, according to newly discovered UNWCC documents also revealing that the entire judicial process against Germans accused of committing war crimes was closed down after political intervention from above
2016: 14 September 2016: Bayer AG to buy Monsanto in a $66 billion all-cash takeover creating world's largest seed and pesticide company and making Europe home to the biggest player in GM crops even though it is mostly opposed to genetic technology applied to agriculture - 18 November 2016: Survivors of the SS St. Louis, the trans-Atlantic liner carrying nearly 1,000 Jewish refugees from Germany in 1939, rejected by the USA and Cuba and forced to return to Europe, urge world to treat immigrants 'as family' - 30 November 2016: Die deutsche Bundesregierung muss offiziell einräumen dass Ramstein schon lange wichtiger Dreh- und Angelpunkt für USA-Drohneneinsätze ist und ist durch ihre Kenntnis der Rolle der Basis mit beteiligt an völkerrechtswidrigen sogenannten extralegalen Tötungen und Morden an unschuldigen Zivilisten durch Drohneneinsätze
February 2019 German Rommel supporting CDU chancellor criticises USA warning that EU must not be excluded from discussions on future nuclear disarmament: 16 February 2019: German chancellor criticises USA isolationism, urging 'win-win solutions', warning that Europe must not be excluded from discussions on future nuclear disarmament
3 December 2020 USA Jewish doctor and his team shocked to find Nazi tattoos on covid-19 patient: 3 December 2020: Jewish doctor Taylor Nichols working with coronavirus patients in California shared his shock about the moment he saw neo-Nazi tattoos on the body of a severely ill man, as his team — which included a Black nurse and a respiratory specialist of Asian descent — prepared the man to be intubated, now saying 'we all saw. The symbols of hate on his body outwardly and proudly announced his views. We all knew what he thought of us. How he valued our lives', also saying 'unfortunately, society has proven unwilling to listen to the science or to our pleas. Begging for people to take this seriously, to stay home, wear a mask, to be the break in the chain of transmission', then saying 'I reassured him that we were all going to work hard to take care of him and keep him alive as best as we could', and later saying he had asked himself how the man might have acted had the roles been reversed
Germany/Yemen relations: Germany/Yemen relations
Germany/Vietnam relations: Germany/Vietnam relations
Germany/Zimbabwe relations: Germany/Zimbabwe relations
Landforms and natural regions of Germany: Landforms of Germany - Natural regions of Germany - Ecoregions of Germany
Drainage basins of Germany: Drainage basins of Germany
Water in Germany: Water in Germany
Biota of Germany: Biota of Germany
July 2021 fossil fuel use (coal, oil, natural gas) the primary source of CO2 contributions: 5. Juli 2021: Gemäß 'Kyoto-Protokoll' gehören zu Treibhausgasen Kohlendioxid (CO2), Methan (CH4), und Lachgas (N2O) sowie die fluorierten Treibhausgase wasserstoffhaltige Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe (HFKW), perfluorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe (FKW), und Schwefelhexafluorid (ab 2015 wird Stickstofftrifluorid (NF3) zusätzlich einbezogen), wobei 2020 in Deutschland 87,1% der Freisetzung von Treibhausgasen auf Kohlendioxid, 6,5% auf Methan, 4,6% auf Lachgas und rund 1,7% auf die F-Gase entfallen. Anthropogenes Kohlendioxid entsteht u.a. bei der Verbrennung fossiler Energieträger Kohle, Erdöl, Erdgas und macht den Großteil des vom Menschen zusätzlich verursachten Treibhauseffektes aus. Quellen sind vor allem die Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung, Haushalte und Kleinverbraucher, der Verkehr und die industrielle Produktion. Zusätzlich in die Erdatmosphäre anthropogen emittiertes Kohlendioxid wird durch die natürlichen physikalischen und biogeochemischen Prozesse im Erdsystem nur sehr langsam abgebaut
Air pollution in Germany: Air pollution in Germany
Environmentalism in Germany: Environmentalism in Germany
Natural disasters in Germany: Natural disasters in Germany
Floods in Germany: Floods in Germany
2002 European floods: 2002 European floods
July 2021 floods by heavy-violent rains in west- and central Europe: Since 12 July 2021 several European countries affected by catastrophic floods, causing deaths and widespread damage in the UK and across northern and central Europe, including Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy - July 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa durch das Tiefdruckgebiet 'Bernd', vor allem in Belgien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Schweiz, UK - 15 July 2021: At least 38 people have died and dozens are missing or awaiting rescue from rooftops after heavy rain and floods caused buildings to collapse in the western German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and North-Rhine Westphalia, 'The Guardian' reports - 16 July 2021: Death toll exceeds 120 as Germany and Belgium worst hit by devastating floods, and as search for missing continues, with Netherlands, Switzerland and Luxembourg also affected
Weather events and storms in Germany: Weather events and storms in Germany
2003 European heat wave: 2003 European heat wave
Wildfires in Germany: Wildfires in Germany


Greece - Geography of Greece - Demographics of Greece
Mining in Greece: Mining in Greece - Mines in Greece
Greek wine: Greek wine
Water supply and sanitation in Greece: Water supply and sanitation in Greece
Rail transport in Greece: Rail transport in Greece
Road transport in Greece: Road transport in Greece
Since 2009 timeline of the Greek economic and political crisis:
June-December 2011: 3 June 2011: Greece to get next aid tranche in July - 13. Juli 2011: Griechische Wirtschaft schrumpft stärker als erwartet - 22. Juli: Einigung der Euroländer auf Griechenland-Hilfspaket im Volumen von 109 Mrd. am 21. Juli - 12 August: Greek economy shrank by 6,9% in the second quarter 2011, year-on-year - 21. August: Griechische Wirtschaft schrumpft - Staatseinnahmen schrumpfen - Staatsausgaben steigen - Wieder Hilfsforderung der Regierung - 1. September: Griechenlands Wirtschaft schrumpft nach eigener Beurteilung alarmierend und Verschuldung gerät außer Kontrolle - 8. September: Griechische Wirtschaft schrumpft drastisch - Regierung veröffentlicht Liste der größten Steuerschuldner, die Staatsfirma OSE an erster Stelle mit 1,26 Mrd. Euro Steuerschuld, außerdem die staatlichen Athener Verkehrsbetriebe, 13 Fußball-Proficlubs etc. - 3 October: Greece to miss budget deficit targets in 2011 and 2012 - 15. November: Neue Regierung Papademos bekämpft Steuerhinterziehung - 24. November: Eine halbe Million Griechen mittlerweile ohne Einkommen - 29 novembre: L'Eurogroupe valide le versement d'un prêt de 8 milliards d'euro à la Grèce
July-December 2012: 9 August: Jobless rate climbed to 23.1 per cent in May from 22.6 per cent in April - almost 55 per cent of Greeks aged 15-24 are out of work - 13 August: The economy contracted by 6.2% in the second quarter - 25 September: Greece says it would need as much as 15bn euros if it were given a two-year extension to its bailout - 1 October: Economy will contract by 6.5% this year and in 2013 it will shrink for a sixth year, Greek government says - 11 October: Unemployment in Greece hit a record 25.1% in July, with the level among young people reaching 54.2% - 8 November: Parliament approves austerity package to secure aid from lenders - 12 November: Parliament adopts a 2013 budget that includes salary and pension cuts which the government has pledged would guarantee the release of foreign aid needed to stave off insolvency - 13 November: Greece's international lenders have agreed to give the country two more years to make the cuts demanded of it - 21 November: PM Samaras says the future of his country is in the balance after EU ministers fail to reach rescue deal - 27 November: Eurozone and IMF agree Greek bailout deal - 13 December 2012: Greece bailout funds due for payment after the government had bought back 31.9bn euros of bonds at 33.8% of their face value
June 2015: 3 June: Greece receives a bailout proposal and PM Tsipras heads to Brussels for crucial talks with EC - 4 June: Greece says it will bundle together €1.6bn of debt payments due to IMF and settle up on 30 June - 4 June: Unemployment stops declining as data for the adjusted Greek jobless rate pointed to 25.6% in March 2015 - 11 June: Unemployment has started climbing again in Greece, as it gained half a percentage point to reach 26.6% in the first quarter of the year, from 26.1% in the last quarter of 2014 - 11/12 June: IMF walks out of Greece bailout talks due to a lack of progress in narrowing key differences with Tsipras government - 14 June: Greece's latest reform package, ignoring latitudes, dismissed as incomplete, differences in fiscal terms amount to €2bn a year in permanent budget savings, EU's Sunday talks halted after less than an hour in Brussels - 17 June: Bank of Greece warns of 'uncontrollable crisis' without bailout deal - 19 June: Greek bank deposit outflows topped 1 bln euros in one day on Thursday, with the pace of withdrawals gaining speed since talks between the government and its creditors collapsed in last days - 23 June: ECB continues to fund banks, outflow eases - 27 June: Greeks lined up at automated teller machines to withdraw cash on Saturday after PM Tsipras called a referendum on EU aid proposals, hoping that ECB will further ensure stability of Greece's banks in its controversial financial support - 28 June: By not providing any more emergency liquidity assistance, the ECB is putting huge pressure on the Greek banking sector - 28 June: Greek banks shut for a week as capital controls imposed - 29 June 2015: Turmoil hits the financial world after capital controls imposed in Greece - 30 June: The bank shutdown in Greece and the imposition of capital controls have led to a halt in trade across the country
July/August 2015: 1 July 2015: Consumption apparently down 70%, tourism drying up and companies face struggle to pay for wholesale food ahead of 5 July referendum, as bank closures take their toll on businesses across Greece - 6 July: The number of business start-ups in Greece declined by 20% in the first half of 2015 on an annual basis, as 68% of new enterprises were one-person companies - 6 July: Local lenders are now just a step away from serious solvency problems after the ECB decided to increase the haircut on the collateral they use to draw liquidity - 23 July 2015: Greek economy will sink back into recession at a rate of 2.5% this year, with unemployment starting to rise again, IOBE says - 3 August 2015: Bank and finance shares collapse by as much as 30% as bourse reopens after five-week shutdown - 3/4 August: Manufacturing data reveals economy in shock, as Greek stocks fall for 2nd day - 10 August: Capital controls blamed for a new 15-year high in dismissals for July 2015 - 18 August: Unemployed increased by 2% in July 2015 - 28 August: Greece’s GDP shows 1.6% growth for the second quarter of 2015
2015: 6 June 2015: State debts have increased by 1.1 billion euros in the first four months of the year 2015, tax rebates, increasing revenue shortfalls (1 billion euros in May), and exhaustion of the state’s cash reserves illustrate the crumbling of the 2015 budget - 29 June: The imposition of measures restricting financial transactions accompanied by a total freeze in the payments of citizens’ obligations to the state, while there was also an impact on the payment of pensions and private sector salaries - 6 August 2015: As talks continue over proposed €86bn third bailout, Greek treasury says tax revenues fell 8.5% in a year, and public spending fell 12.3% - 21 August: Unpaid taxes grow at a slower pace in July 2015 - 9 October 2015: 'Tax evasion and smuggling are worth between 15 and 20 billion euros a year', Alternate Finance Minister Alexiadis says, as the SDOE is currently investigating 38,000 cases involving 1.3 million people and businesses - 25 November: In an effort to help the country raise tax revenues Germany gives Greece the names of more than 10,000 citizens suspected of dodging taxes with holdings in Swiss banks - 23 December: Following the delivery to authorities of a detailed list of thousands of individuals with suspect deposits by a HSBC whistleblower, large-scale tax evaders will be given one last chance to pay their dues to the state, Greek PM Tsipras says
June 2011: 7. Juni 2011: Griechenland - IWF setzt EU unter Druck - 8. Juni 2011: Entgegen Abmachung ziehen deutsche Banken Kapital aus Griechenland ab - 9. Juni: Griechische Regierung stimmt Sparprogramm von 78 Mrd. Euro zu - 15. Juni: Griechen tragen ihre Wut auf die Straße - 16. Juni 2011: Papandreou will Regierung umbilden - Griechenlandkrise: Nicht den Bock (Nea Dimokratia, Goldman Sachs etc.) zum Gärtner machen - 16. Juni 2011: Griechenlandkrise zieht Börsenkurse nach unten - 17. Juni 2011: Regierungsumbildung am 17. Juni - Venizelos jetzt Finanzminister - 19. Juni 2011: Abstimmung über Vertrauensfrage Papandreous am 21. Juni - 20. Juni 2011: Druck der EU auf Griechenland - Konjunkturhilfe möglich? - 20. Juni 2011: Zunehmende Ablehnung des Rettungsprogramms laut Umfrage - 22. Juni 2011: Papandreou gewinnt Vertrauensfrage - 22 June 2011: Greek government survives confidence vote - 22. Juni 2011: Regierung legt beschlossene Sparpläne in der kommenden Woche Parlament vor - 24. Juni: Eindringliche Kritik in der EU am Versuch der 'Nea Dimokratia', von der Krise zu profitieren - Im EU-Parlament Unterstützung für Vorschlag der Konjunkturhilfe - 24. Juni: Erste Einzelheiten des Sparprogramms - Steuern, Kampf gegen Steuerhinterziehung, Verkauf von Staatsbesitz - 28. Juni: Zweitägiger Streik und entscheidende Parlamentsdebatte zum Rettungspaket 28./29. Juni - 28 June: Greece protest turns violent - 29. Juni: Griechisches Parlament stimmt für Sparmaßnahmen - 30 June: Parliament passes second austerity vote (155 to 136 votes)
February 2012: 9. Februar 2012: Regierungskoalition einigt sich auf Sparmaßnahmen zu Lasten der Bevölkerungsmehrheit (Renten- und Lohnkürzungen, Entlassungen, weniger medizinische Versorgung) - Streiks und Demonstrationen - 9 February 2012: Greek austerity plans not ready, say eurozone ministers - 10 February: Eurozone ministers set three tough new conditions for the bailout deal for Greece - 11 February: Greece's cabinet approves fresh austerity measures demanded by the eurozone and IMF - 12 February: Tens of thousands protest as MPs debate cuts on Sunday afraid of bourses on Monday - 13 February: Papademos' coalition approves cuts in the night expelling 43 MPs amidst most violent protests since 2008 - 13 February: General elections announced for April 2012, hours after parliament approved new austerity cuts and protests raged in Athens - 19 February: Greeks rally against austerity steps
May 2012 Greek legislative election: Greek legislative election 6 May 2012 - 6. Mai: Ca. 9,7 Millionen Bürger sind zur Parlamentswahl aufgerufen - 7 mai: La 'Nouvelle Démocratie' prend la tête des élections législatives, le 'Syriza' remporte 15,5% à 17% des voix, devant le 'Pasok' - 8 mai: Premiers efforts échoué le président va confier la tâche de former un gouvernement à la coalition de la gauche radicale - 9 May: Syriza's Tsipras to meet Greece's pro-bailout parties - 10 May: Now Pasok's Venizelos in third bid for Greece coalition - 12 May: Greek socialist leader fails in bid to form government - 13 May: Greek president in last-ditch coalition effort - 14 May: The Democratic Left party in Greece says it will not join pro-bailout parties in a coalition without Syriza party - NZZ 16. Mai: Griechenland sieht neuen Neuwahlen im Juni entgegen - 17 May: Greece gets senior judge Pikrammenos as caretaker Prime Minister until next vote June 17
8 septembre: Des milliers de manifestants contre les nouvelles mesures de rigueur réclamées à la Grèce par l'UE et le FMI - 26 September: Main unions say they will bring Greece to a standstill today to protest against widespread austerity cuts - 26 September: Clashes erupted in the Greek capital after at least 50.000 people marched to protest against austerity cuts
November 2012: 1 November: As trial begins Costas Vaxevanis insists he was doing his job while ministers responsible for vetting the list for possible tax evasion did nothing for two years - 1/2 novembre: Le journaliste Costas Vaxevanis qui a publié la liste de la banque HSBC a été acquitté - 2 octobre: Le gouvernement grec fragilisé par l'affaire de la 'liste Lagarde' - 3 November: Rail system shut down by strike as workers protest against deeper government austerity measures - 6 November: 48-hour general strike across public and private sectors in protest at a proposed new wave of spending cuts - 7 November: Thousands of Greeks flood central Athens as parliament is due to pass an austerity package to win aid from lenders - 8 novembre: Malgré deux jours de grève générale et de manifestations le Parlement grec approuve de justesse un nouveau plan d'austérité
June/July 2015: 19 June 2015: Several thousand demonstrators chanting 'Europe! Europe!' rallied in front of parliament in Athens calling for Greece to keep the euro, as the country edged nearer to a default - 26 June 2015: Greek PM Alexis Tsipras calls referendum in July on bailout terms to settle before July - 28 June: With deputies from the far-right Golden Dawn voting with the Tspipras government and pro-European opposition parties voting against Greek Parliament approves referendum on 5 July - 28 June: EU executive publishes offer that Greek PM Tsipras rejected - 1 July: PM Tsipras reportedly concedes ground to get new deal with EU and ECB - 2 July: Greek government and creditors hunker down before Sunday referendum - 3 July: Thousands on the streets of Athens to support Communist Party, which staged an anti-government rally in front of the Greek parliament, saying Sunday referendum will not change things for the better - 3 July: Latest poll shows narrow lead for 'Yes' vote ahead of Sunday referendum decision, after finance minister said he will resign if Greek referendum votes yes to accept troika’s debt-bailout terms - 3 July: PM Tsipras urges people to vote no in Sunday’s referendum as capital controls bite and vital tourism industry sees tens of thousands cancel holidays in Greece - 4 July: Ipsos poll puts Greek 'Yes' camp narrowly ahead
July 2015 Greek economy referendum: 5 July 2015 Greek economy referendum - 1 July 2015: Greece's July 5 referendum does not meet guidelines drawn up by the Council of Europe, notably one recommending that voters have at least two weeks to make their minds up, the human rights watchdog says - 5 July: Split Greece teeters on the brink with referendum, facing fincance minister Varoufakis' so-called terrorists - 6 July: Finance minister Varoufakis resigns, after Greece has delivered a resounding 'No' to its creditors and European participants expressed 'preference' for his absence throughout negotiations ahead of an emergency eurozone summit on Tuesday - 8 July: Unless Greek government presents convincing details entailing more austerity as the basis for its third bailout in five years, all 28 national EU leaders are to gather in Brussels on Sunday in emergency session to discuss how to contain the fallout from Greece’s financial collapse - 8 July: After months of Greek government's second-rate theatre Europe has five days to find a shift - 10 July: Tsipras' government urges MPs to back bailout plan after it has submitted a package of tough austerity measures in an attempt to reach a €53.5bn bailout and avoid Grexit - 11 July: After PM Tsipras received backing from his MPs, Eurozone creditors meet to discuss latest Greek proposals and to decide - 13 July: After Eurozone agreed that Greece should receive a new aid programme, several national parliaments must give their approval, including the Greek parliament - 14 July: Greek PM Tsipras meets mutinous MPs as bailout vote looms, and eurozone is battling to find a way to provide 'bridge financing' to help Greece meet its short-term funding demands - 14 July: Parliament to vote as IMF warns Greece needs extra debt relief above bailout - 16 July: ECB and Eurogroup consider next steps after Greek parliament's 'Yes' vote - 17 July: Greek PM Tsipras has sought to rid his government of leftists who oppose further austerity, reshuffling his cabinet barely 48 hours after dissidents said 'No' - 18 July: Greece’s banks will reopen on Monday - 20 July: Greece’s bank branches are open for the first time in three weeks, but capital controls are still in place - 21 July: Chances of Greek bailout rest on MPs' vote on Wednesday on two laws, a banking reform law and an overhaul of Greece’s civil code - 23 July: Greek parliament approves next phase in bailout reforms and measures required to qualify for €86bn in loans - 23 July: As creditors return to Athens, Tsipras grapples with domestic challenges - 25 July: Greece edges closer to third bailout as it formally requests IMF help - 27 July: Talks between Greek government and technical teams representing Greece’s lenders began in Athens on Monday - 29 July: EU's Moscovici optimistic on third Greek bailout talks - 29 July: Former finance minister Varoufakis may face criminal charges over secret currency plan to establish an alternative currency in the event of the country leaving the eurozone - 31 July: Following talks on reforming the tax system and labour market regulations, negotiatons with EU and IMF continue in Athens to thrash out details of €86bn bailout
August 2015: 3 August: Greece and its lenders agree that pension reforms will affect only those who retired after the end of June - 5 August: Syriza' Nikos Filis urges to unite behind new funding agreement, saying the country wants a full bailout immediately rather than a bridge loan - 10 August: Greece reportedly closes in on third bailout deal after significant concessions made concerning spending cuts, public sector reforms and privatisations - 11 August: Following an agreement between Greece and lenders overnight, Greece closer to clinching €86bn bailout deal - 11 August: As bailout deal reached with creditors PM Tsipras calls emergency sessions of parliament to vote on measures, which will see further spending cuts imposed - 14 August: Greek parliament approves bailout deal despite government rebellion in all-night session, as figures from Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands suggest growth in the eurozone will miss 0.4% in 2015 and as Eurozone finance ministers will soon be heading for a eurogroup meeting to sign off the €85bn Greek bailout deal - 17 August: PASOK refuses to back Tsipras in any confidence vote - 20 August: Greek PM resigns to trigger snap elections likely on 20 September
2016: 15 January 2016: Thousands take to the streets of the Greek capital to protest against planned pension reforms, as lawyers, doctors and others in professional attire joined the protest - 4 February 2016: Greece grinds to a halt in general strike over pension reforms - 12 February: Angry Greek farmers clash with riot police in Athens then paraded their tractors outside parliament, in their first big protest in the capital against pension reform plans after weeks of road blockades - 7 April: Greek public sector workers strike over pension reforms - 6 mai: Les Grecs sont en grève générale avant le vote de réformes visant à augmenter les rentrées fiscales et réduire les dépenses consacrées aux retraites - 9 May: With the backing of its 153 MPS Greece’s leftist-led coalition approves toughest measures yet worth €5.4bn in budget savings amid rioting - 22 May: Supported by 152 deputies Greek parliament approves a fresh round of austerity incorporating €1.8bn in tax increases, amid hopes the move will lead to much-needed debt relief when eurozone finance ministers meet this week - 3 October 2016: Greek police fire teargas at pensioners during Athens protest against Tsipras's austerity policy
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Greece: Greek society - Human rights in Greece
Demographics, ethnic groups and minorities in Greece: Demographics of Greece - Ethnic groups in Greece - Minorities in Greece
1941-1944 occupation of Greece by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and the Holocaust in Greece: 1941-1944 occupation of Greece by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany - The Holocaust in Greece
African immigrants to Greece: African immigrants to Greece
Arabs in Greece: Arabs in Greece
Armenians in Greece: Armenians in Greece
Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia: Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia
2014: 1 April 2014: Migrants and asylum-seekers detained in Greece forced to endure deplorable conditions, often with devastating effects on their health, MSF says
2015: Rhodes Shipwreck 20 April 2015 - 5 June 2015: The numbers of migrants arriving on Greece's islands has increased sixfold since last year, piling more pressure on the cash-strapped government's services, UN says - 7 July: 19 people feared dead after people smuggler's boat capsizes off Greek islands of Agathonisi and Farmakonisi, as more than 68,000 migrants – mainly Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi refugees – have risked the short trip from Turkey to the Greek islands in the first half of 2015 - 27 July: As the people arriving in their thousands on Greek shores are refugees, not migrants and as Europe turns its back, the compassionate crisis response of local Greek volunteers, despite harsh austerity, puts the international community to shame - 11 August 2015: Greek police use fire extinguishers and batons to disperse desperate refugees, including young children, to Kos who were protesting about the length of time it was taking to process their paperwork, as large parts of the humanitarian response in Greece have been carried out by volunteers rather than the Putin-bootlicker government, unable to deal with the unprecedented influx, the majority of whom are from Syria and Afghanistan - 12 August: Volunteers help register migrants on the Greek island of Kos - 16 August: Hundreds of Syrian migrants on the Greek island of Kos begin boarding a passenger ship that is to house and process them, in a bid to ease sometimes chaotic conditions onshore - 17 August: Almost 500 Syrian refugees board floating reception center at Kos - 19 August: The unprecedented spike in refugee arrivals on Greek shores is pushing the resort island of Lesbos to 'breaking point', with some 2,000 people landing there every day, as Greece has seen around 160,000 migrants land on its shores since January - 24 August: One dead, six missing after refugee boat capsizes off Lesvos and as some 2,500 refugees, mostly from Syria, are expected to disembark from the Eleftherios Venizelos at Piraeus - 30 August: A 17-year-old migrant was killed during a shootout at sea between Greek port police and human smugglers - 6 September: A newborn baby boy found dead on Greek island of Kos after his parents reached the shores in a boat, as Greece is struggling to cope with a wave of refugees from the war in Syria, as refugees and migrants clash with police on another Greek island, and as the mayor of Lesbos' main town warns the island would boycott 20 September general election if the government does not address the situation immediately - 8 September: More clashes on Greek island of Lesbos, transformed by the sudden influx of 20,000 refugees and migrants, mostly from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan in the escalating international crisis - 15 September: At least 22 refugees, including four children, died Tuesday morning when their boat sank off the coast of Turkey as they were trying to reach the Greek island of Kos - 24 September: More than 2,500 mainly Syrian and Afghan refugees, soaked and exhausted, reached the Greek island of Lesbos within hours on Wednesday - 30 September 2015: More refugees arrive in Greece from Syria, as a refugee reports that 'Assad's army are dropping missiles and bombs on us and on civilians, so I have to escape from Syria' - 16 October: Seven people have drowned including a baby and three children after their wooden boat and a coast guard vessel crashed during a migrant rescue operation off the island of Lesbos - 18 October: 12 refugees including children drown off Turkish coast, twenty-three people rescued as they try to reach Greek island of Lesbos - 24 October 2015: As Russian airstrikes push more migrants to flee to EU before borders shut and sea gets rougher, more Syrians risk deadly crossings to Greece after more than 502,000 refugees and migrants have entered Greece since the beginning of this year - 30 October 2015: Greece's Tsipras says he feels 'ashamed' amid migrant border chaos and deaths at sea - 1 November 2015: Eleven refugees, including six children, drowned on Sunday off the Greek island of Samos, adding to a string of migrant boat tragedies since Monday off the Greek islands of Lesbos, Kalymnos and Rhodes in which more than 60 people have drowned, at least 28 of them children, the vast majority Syrian refugees, women and children braving winter storms in a bid to meet men who made the journey earlier - 11 novembre 2015: Quatorze réfugiés et migrants, dont sept enfants, sont morts noyés mercredi à l'aube au large de la Turquie lors du naufrage de leur embarcation qui se dirigeait vers l'île grecque de Lesbos - 20 November: Video released by the Turkish Institute of Public Diplomacy appears to show a man on board a Greek coastguard vessel attempting to sink an inflatable raft, carrying Syrian refugees and migrants in Aegean sea with a lance, slowly taking water before it is rescued by the Turkish vessel - 22 November: Concerns are mounting in Greece that the country could have to deal with thousands of trapped refugees and migrants, after border crossings to Balkan nations to the north were abruptly closed, newly imposed restrictions in the Balkans criticised by UNHCR and UNICEF - 6 December: As thousands of people continue to arrive at the Greece-Macedonia border daily, small numbers of refugees and migrants who had been denied entry into Macedonia have opted to go back to Athens
2016: 12 March 2016: Despite six years of economic hardship in Greece, ordinary people have shown astonishing generosity in helping the 42,000 refugees and migrants stranded in their country, on the islands of Lesbos, of Kos, in Athens, in Idomeni and elsewhere - 28 May 2016: Protests grow as Greece's Tsipras administration moves refugees to derelict warehouses 'not fit for animals', as missing refugees after the closure of Idomeni including an undefined number of unaccompanied minors are thought to be living on the streets of Greek cities, hiding in forests or to have been taken by smugglers and as refugees heading for Europe are continuing to make the journey fraught with danger from north Africa across the Mediterranean - 19 September 2016: Thousands of refugees detained at Moria camp, one of Greece’s biggest refugee camps, on the island of Lesbos, have fled the facility amid scenes of mayhem after fires rapidly swept through the facility - 18 November 2016: Dozens of people have been driven out of a refugee camp on the Greek island of Chios after two successive nights of attacks by a far-right group


Timeline of Athens: Timeline of Athens
Central Greece Region: Central Greece Region
History and timeline of Thessaloniki: History and timeline of Thessaloniki


Municipalities, cities, towns of Peloponnese region: Municipalities, cities, towns of Peloponnese region
Dorians one of four major ethnic groups, Doric culture: The Dorians were one of the four major ethnic groups into which the Hellenes of Classical Greece divided themselves along with the Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ionians. They are almost always referred to as just 'the Dorians', as they are called in the earliest literary mention of them in the Odyssey, where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete. - Doric colonies retained their characteristic Doric calendar that revolved round a cycle of festivals, the Hyacinthia and the Carneia being especially important. The Dorian mode in music also was attributed to Doric societies and was associated by classical writers with martial qualities. The Doric order of architecture in the tradition inherited by Vitruvius included the Doric column, noted for its simplicity and strength. The Dorians seem to have offered the central mainland cultus for Helios.
20th/21st century modern Sparta and again emerging Greece: 20th/21st century modern Sparta, as the small town of a few thousand people who lived amongst the ruins, in 1834 - following the 'Greek War of Independence' - was expanded into a city, before it became again a Republican town in the 20th century following World War I and II - Greek uprisings before 1821 - 1822-1837 First Hellenic Republic, after the economic situation of the majority of Greece deteriorated heavily during the Ottoman era of the country. Life became ruralized and militarized. Heavy burdens of taxation were placed on the Christian population, and many Greeks were reduced to subsistence farming whereas during prior eras the region had been heavily developed and urbanized. The exception to this rule was in Constantinople and the Venetian-held Ionian islands, where many Greeks lived in prosperity. Later the Ottomans resorted to military rule in parts of Greece, which provoked further resistance, and also led to economic dislocation and accelerated population decline. Ottoman landholdings, previously fiefs held directly from the Sultan, became hereditary estates 'chifliks', which could be sold or bequeathed to heirs. The new class of Ottoman landlords reduced the hitherto free Greek farmers to serfdom, leading to depopulation of the plains, and to the flight of many people to the mountains, in order to escape poverty - 1924-1935 Second Hellenic Republic during the temporary abolition of the monarchy in 1924–1935 - Since 1974 Third Hellenic Republic, characterised by the development of social freedoms, the European orientation of Greece and the political dominance of the parties ND and PASOK. On the negative side the period has included high corruption, deterioration of certain economic indexes such as public debt, and nepotism, mostly in the political scene and the state offices


Major communities of North Aegean Region: Major communities of North Aegean Region
26 March 2023 violence in Greece over efforts to preserve ancient heritage of Mykonos: 26 March 2023: Violence in Greece over efforts to preserve ancient heritage of Mykonos


Geography, natural history and natural disasters of Rhodes island: Geography, natural history and natural disasters of Rhodes island


Decentralized Administration of Crete: Decentralized Administration of Crete
Municipalities of Crete: Municipalities of Crete


Culture and languages of Greece: Culture of Greece - Languages of Greece
Art in Greece: Greek art - Modern Greek art
Science in Ancient Greece: Ancient Greek science - Ancient Greek medicine
Ancient Greek architecture and sculpture: Ancient Greek architecture - Ancient Greek sculpture
26 March 2023 violence in Greece over efforts to preserve ancient heritage of Mykonos: 26 March 2023: Violence in Greece over efforts to preserve ancient heritage of Mykonos
26 March 2023 violence in Greece over efforts to preserve ancient heritage of Mykonos: 26 March 2023: Violence in Greece over efforts to preserve ancient heritage of Mykonos
Science museums in Greece: Science museums in Greece
Health in Greece: Health in Greece
Disease outbreaks and man-made disasters in Greece: Disease outbreaks in Greece - Man-made disasters in Greece
Since 26 February 2020 timeline of covid-19 cases in Greece: Since 26 February 2020 covid-19 cases in Greece
2 August 2020 Greece reports 4,662 covid-19 cases and 208 deaths: 2 August 2020 Greece reports 4,662 confirmed covid-19 cases and 208 deaths
Health care in Greece: Health care in Greece
C. 460-370 BC Hippocrates of Kos establishing medicine as a profession: C. 460-370 BC Hippocrates of Kos, a Greek physician who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine, the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine that revolutionized Ancient Greek medicine, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession - Hippocratic theory, as Hippocrates is credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally not because of superstition and gods, separating the discipline of medicine from religion he argued that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits - Hippocratic medicine's concept of crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover - Hippocratic medicine's concept of professionalism, notable for discipline and rigorous practice, as his work 'On the Physician' recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious
Newspapers in Greece: Newspapers in Greece
Television in Greece: Television in Greece
EPT Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation: EPT - Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation - 12 June 2013: Greek state TV and radio were gradually pulled off the air late Tuesday, hours after the government said it would temporarily close all state-run broadcasts and lay off about 2,500 workers as part of a cost-cutting drive - 12 June: Journalists fired from Greece's state TV and radio have refused to leave the broadcaster's headquarters, continuing Internet programming - 13 juin 2013: Grève générale de 24 heures après la fermeture de la radiotélévision - 15 June: Greek PM Samaras offers to partially reinstate state broadcaster ERT after its dramatic shutdown this week sparked protests and criticism - 17 June: Greek top administrative court overturns closure of state broadcaster EPT, saying EPT could resume transmission until a new national media body is set up - 30 June: The EPT TV complex has turned into a unique experiment in self-rule where staff are working for free but with more passion than ever - 7. November: Frühere staatliche TV und Rundfunkanstalt EPT, nach Entlassung im Juni aller 2500 Mitarbeiter in eigener Regie weitergeführt, wurde von der Polizei geräumt - 9 November 2013: Greek police, protesters scuffle at shut public broadcaster
Radio stations in Greece: Radio stations in Greece
Ancient Greek religion and mythology: Ancient Greek religion - Ancient Greek religion and mythology
Christianity in Greece: Christianity in Greece
Crime in Greece: Crime in Greece
18 September 2013 Pavlos Fyssas stabbed to death: Death of Pavlos Fyssas 18 September 2013 - 18 September 2013: Greek Golden Dawn member arrested over murder of leftwing musician and anti-fascist activist Pavlos Fyssas - 23 septembre: La Grèce fait la chasse aux policiers soupçonnés de collusion avec Aube dorée - 25 September: Thousands of Greeks on the streets to denounce the murder of a musician stabbed to death by a member of the far-right Golden Dawn, as a government inquiry presented evidence of widespread infiltration of security forces by Golden Dawn - 26 septembre: Attaque contre un journal accusé de soutenir des néonazis, ne causant que des dégâts matériels - 28 September: Greek police arrested several members of Golden Dawn, including its leader Mihaloliakos, on charges of founding a criminal organisation - 30 septembre: Des témoignages d'ex-militants d'Aube dorée et un rapport judiciaire mettent au jour de nombreuses 'actions criminelles' du parti néonazi grec - 1 octobre: Des responsables du parti néonazi Aube dorée devant la justice pour 'participation à une organisation criminelle' - 3 octobre: Le chef du parti néonazi placé en détention provisoire - 3 octobre: Un 3e député du parti Aube dorée en détention provisoire
Racism in Greece: Racism in Greece
Antisemitism in Greece: Antisemitism in Greece
Judiciary and judicial system of Greece: Judiciary of Greece - Judicial system of Greece
Since 1834 Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece: Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece since 1834
Law enforcement and police force of Greece: Law enforcement in Greece - Police force of Greece
Police misconduct and brutality in Greece: Police misconduct and brutality in Greece
Foreign relations of Greece: Foreign relations of Greece
Treaties of Greece: Treaties of Greece
1967-1974 foreign support for the Greek military dictatorship: Foreign support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974
Greece/European Union relations: Greece/European Union relations
2015: 16 February 2015: Greece bailout talks in Brussels break down after Athens rejects 'unacceptable' eurozone demands - 17 February: Pressure mounting to break the deadlock over Greece's loan programme, after Monday night’s talks collapsed - 19 February: Greece submits request to extend its bailout deal for another six months, triggering an emergency meeting of eurozone finance ministers - 20 February: Eurozone ministers gather for crucial Greece talks - 21 February: Greece and eurozone creditors reach deal on loan as Greek government commits to unspecified reforms over the coming months, winning time to tackle tax fraud, corruption and other crimes against the Greek people - 24 February: Greek government submits economic reform plan to European Commission, reportedly outlining plans to raise billions of euros by tackling tax evasion, corruption, and smuggling - 24 February: Prosposed Greek reforms win conditional approval in Brussels for four months extension of rescue package - 28 May 2015: Greek bailout talks loom over G7 meeting - 11 June: Hollande, Merkel and Tsipras agree that negotiations between Greece and its creditors must be intensified to reach a deal to avert a Greek default - 19 June 2015: ECB staves off collapse of Greek banking system with emergency funding, as Greece's PM Tsipras sides with Putin regime in Moscow for financial support, saying 'we are ready to go to new seas to reach new safe ports' - 20 June 2015: Russian pipeline project through Greek territory - 23 June: Eurozone politicians in Brussels cautiously welcome new reform proposals by Greece as a possible basis for an agreement, saying that there is still a lot of work to be done to reach deal this week - 27 June: Greeces in the eurozone looks increasingly shaky on Saturday after Greece's PM calls for a risky popular vote on eurozone proposals and ministers then reject a monthlong extension to bailout program - 30 June: EU's Juncker makes last-minute offer to Greece but Tsipras unmoved - 4 July 2015: Tsipras government's fincance minister Varoufakis accuses creditors of terrorism ahead of controversial Greek economic referendum - 9 July: Greek government seeks new EU loan to avert 'Grexit' and economic collapse, urged to deliver a detailed economic package - 12 July: Greece is being pushed by Eurozone to accept and implemen austerity measures and reforms, or get a 'time-out' from the euro - 10 August: Due to tax woes Piraeus Port Authority facing problems also concerning a 112-million-euro investment project, 95%-funded by the EU - 10 August 2015: EU approved the release of 474 million euros for Greece to boost its efforts to deal with undocumented immigration and asylum applications, but the funds cannot be disbursed as Greek authorities have yet to set up a service for the management of EU subsidies for immigration - 20 August: Greece made a crucial 3.2 billion euro debt repayment to the European Central Bank using newly released bailout funds, after the program cleared its final hurdles on Wednesday also by the ESM
Greece/United Nations relations, UN Security Council resolutions concerning Greece (UN member state since October 1945): United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Greece
Bilateral relations of Greece: Bilateral relations of Greece
Greece/Canada relations: Greece/Canada relations
Greece/Germany relations: Greece/Germany relations
1941-1945 Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy and occupation: Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy 1941 - Axis occupation of Greece 1941-1945
Nazi war crimes and the Holocaust in Greece: Nazi war crimes in Greece - The Holocaust in Greece - Haidari concentration camp
1967-1974 Support for the Greek military dictatorship: Support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974
Since 2010 German Ferrostal/HDW submarines for Greece: German Ferrostal/HDW submarines for Greece - PASOK-Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal 2010 (ongoing) - NZZ 11. April 2012: Der frühere PASOK-Verteidigungsminister Tsochatzopoulos ist wegen Korruptionsverdachts (Kauf deutscher U-Boote) verhaftet worden - 24 August 2013: EADS, ThyssenKrupp venture raided over suspected bribes in Greek order - 11 April: Under azure blue skies Greek governmemt welcomes A. Merkel while protesters demand 'Merkel go home' - 23 March 2015: Greek leader to face scepticism, criticism on first Berlin visit - 6 April 2015: Greece says that Germany owes it nearly €279bn in reparations for World War's occupation and damages, officially quantifying sum which includes repayment of forced loan and return of archaeological treasures
Greece/Hungary relations: Greece/Hungary relations
Greece/Iran relations: Greece/Iran relations
27 May 2022 Iranian regime boarded and captured two Greek ships worth carrying $1.8 million of oil: On 27 May 2022 Iranian Mullah regime's 'Nedsa' boarded and captured two Greek ships worth carrying $1.8 million of oil after USA seized Russian oil tanker transporting Iranian oil near Greece - 28 May 2022: Iran’s paramilitary Revolutionary Guard seized two Greek oil tankers Friday in helicopter-launched raids in the Persian Gulf. The action appeared to be retaliation for Athens’ assistance in USA's seizure of crude oil from an Iranian-flagged tanker this week in the Mediterranean Sea over violating Washington’s crushing sanctions on the Islamic Republic. The Mullah regime's raid also marks the first major incident at sea in months as tensions remain high between Tehran regime and the West over its tattered nuclear deal with world powers.
Greece/Latvia relations: Greece/Latvia relations
Greece/Lithuania relations: Greece/Lithuania relations
Greece/Netherlands relations: Greece/Netherlands relations
Greece/New Zealand relations: Greece/New Zealand relations
Greek New Zealanders: Greek New Zealanders
Greece/Pakistan relations: Greece/Pakistan relations
Greece/Serbia relations: Greece/Serbia relations
Greece/Switzerland relations: Greece/Switzerland relations
January 2014 Greek bribes for weapons in Switzerland: 4. Januar 2014: Griechische Waffenkäufer legen Schmiergeld in der Schweiz an
Greece/Turkey relations: Greece/Turkey relations
Since 1952 Greece's and Turkey's NATO membership: Greece's and Turkey's NATO membership since February 1952
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Greece/United Kingdom relations: Greece/United Kingdom relations
Greece/USA relations: Greece/USA relations
Natural disasters in Greece: Natural disasters in Greece
Earthquakes in Greece: Earthquakes in Greece
September 1999 Athens earthquake: 7 September 1999 Athens earthquake
June 2008 Peloponnese earthquake: 8 June 2008 Peloponnese earthquake
May 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake: 24 May 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake
Heatwaves in Greece: Heatwaves in Greece
Forest fires in Greece: Fires in Greece
July 2018 Attica wildfires and aftermath: July 2018 Attica wildfires - 24 July 2018: At least 50 people have been killed, scores more injured and almost 700 others rescued from the sea after a devastating wildfire swept through a small resort town near Athens - 27 July 2018: 5 days after devastating wildfires decimated seaside communities outside Athens, leaving 87 dead and countless missing, PM Alexis Tsipras has assumed political responsibility for the disaster, saying he is determined to deal with the chronic problems that triggered the tragedy, starting with illegal construction and society’s abuse of the natural environment - 28 July 2018: As the death toll reaches 88, the head of the fire service union Dimitris Stathopoulos says the government made thousands of small mistakes that led to the unprecedented number of fatalities - 1 August 2018: The first lawsuit was filed against authorities blamed for the loss of life in Greece’s catastrophic wildfires that killed 91 people, as the government submitted legislation outlining financial relief for victims
June/July 2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires: Since June 2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires, with the main areas affected being Greece, France, Portugal and Spain - 19 June 2022: Wildfire rages in Greece’s Evia island - 5 July 2022: A total of 52 wildfires were recorded throughout Greece in the last 24 hours with one major wildfire burning out of control across three fronts near the town of Amfissa, in the municipality of Delphi, central Greece - 15 July 2022: Wildfires continue to burn all over Greece - 20 July 2022: A major fire started this afternoon in the capital Pendeli area, rapidly moving north of Antusa towards the Penteli mountain range, while the fire has engulfed the forest area above Drafi, Vayati region, as wildfires in Megara reach people’s yards, after residents at the Papagianeika area were instructed to evacuate early evening, and as a precautionary evacuation of residents at the Zachouli area was carried out earlier
Weather events and floods in Greece: Weather events in Greece


Hungary - Geography of Hungary - History of Hungary - Demographics of Hungary
Companies of Hungary by industry: Companies of Hungary by industry
Hungarian wine: Hungarian wine
Transport in Hungary: Transport in Hungary
Tourism in Hungary: Tourism in Hungary
Taxation in Hungary: Taxation in Hungary
Elections and politics in Hungary: Elections in Hungary - National Assembly of Hungary
2012 Hungarian presidential election: Hungarian presidential election 2 May 2012
May 2014 Hungarian European Parliament election: Hungarian European Parliament election 25 May 2014
March 2017 Hungarian presidential election: 13 March 2017 Hungarian indirect presidential election
April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election: 8 April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election - 9 April 2018: Orban's ruling Fidesz party re-elected on Sunday for a third successive term with preliminary results showing Orban possibly gaining strong mandate - 9 April 2018: OSCE monitors deliver a damning verdict on the parliamentary election in Hungary, complaining of 'intimidating and xenophobic rhetoric, media bias and opaque campaign financing' - 13 April 2018: Hungarian journalists admit role in forging anti-migrant 'atmosphere of fear' ahead of Victor Orbán’s election victory this week, as the 'Guardian' spoke to several employees of the taxpayer-funded MTVA network to hear the inside story of how its channels pumped out government messaging, and at times false stories, with the goal of winning support for Orban's anti-immigration message
May 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary
2 January 2022 six opposition parties have united behind Péter Márki-Zay for crucial spring vote: 2 January 2022: Six opposition parties have united behind Péter Márki-Zay for crucial spring vote
Social movements and protests: Protests in Hungary - 2006 protests in Hungary
2015: 3 January 2015: Thousands of Hungarians protested at what they see as the country's move towards Russian regime in the latest demonstration against the government of controversial PM Orban - 1 February: Thousands of protesters demand ouster of government, complain about premier's dealings with Putin - 17 February: Several thousand people marched in central Budapest to protest Putin's visit to Hungary - 13 April: A day after several thousand people rallied in Budapest to commemorate the hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews killed during the Holocaust, far-right Jobbik party wins first seat amid anti-Semitism rise - 29 August 2015: Residents of Budapest and migrants camping around the Eastern railway station lit candles in memory of those migrants or refugees who died in a truck discovered in Austria near the Hungarian border - 14 December: Several hundred people including a USA envoy joined a protest organized by Jewish groups in Hungary against a planned statue of World War II-era politician Homan, who helped legislate against Jews and called for their deportation during Holocaust
December 2018 protests: 13 December 2018: Protests have broken out in Hungary after the country's parliament passed new labour laws, meaning that companies can demand up to 400 hours of overtime a year and delay payment for it for three years - 16 December 2018: Anti-government demonstrations in Budapest on Friday ended in clashes for a consecutive third night between police and protesters angry at PM Orban’s controversial new laws on workers rights and the judicial system - 16 December 2018: Protests prompted by the 'Overtime Act' and the establishment of the administrative courts overseen by the executive branch continue in Hungary on Sunday - 17 December 2018: After on Sunday thousands marched through Budapest ignoring subzero temperatures to register their discontent with the government in the fourth such gathering since protests began on Wednesday, MPs and MEPs at the state television headquarters demanded airtime to make a series of demands of the government, refusing to leave - 21 December 2018: A new wave of female politicians and protesters are offering an alternative to the Hungary PM’s macho politics - 22 December 2018: Thousands of people marched in anti-government protests Friday in Budapest, upset over labor law changes, increasing corruption and limits on academic freedom under Orban’s nationalist government
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Hungary: Hungarian society
Regions, counties and districts of Hungary: 7 regions of Hungary - 19 counties of Hungary - 174 districts of Hungary
Demographics and ethnic groups in Hungary: Demographics of Hungary - Ethnic groups in Hungary
Roma in Hungary: Roma in Hungary
Immigration and refugees in Hungary: Immigration to Hungary
2015: 31 July 2015: Hundreds of migrants fleeing war, poverty and upheaval in the Middle East and Africa, have been setting up camp in Budapest's metro stations as they continue their journey for survival in Europe - 27 August 2015: Budapest's main station is filling up with migrants and refugees as they attempt to continue their journey into western Europe - 2 September: Migrants and refugees stage a demonstration outside Budapest's main international train station as police blocked some 2,000 people from boarding trains to Austria and Germany - 3 September: People rush into Budapest Keleti railway station and try to board trains following the blocking and a re-opening of the station and an ongoing confusion in deeply divided EU, now waiting for a special meeting of EU ministers on September 14 - 4 September: Standoff between refugees and the authorities in Hungary continues - 4 September: Hundreds of Syrian refugees start sit-in at the main train station in the Hungarian capital - 5 September: Austrians greet thousands off Hungarian buses - 6 September: Ongoing divergent reactions of Hungarians in the refugee and migrant crisis show deep rift within a nation which itself has been torn apart several times by war and revolution - 8 September: Hundreds of refugees and migrants have broken through police lines on Hungary’s border with Serbia and are walking towards Budapest - 11 September: Refugees forced to scramble for food as policemen throw sandwiches towards desperate refugees at centre in Röszke - 12 September: Refugees rush to enter Austria, Germany before Hungary crackdown, as Hungarian PM says any 'rebellious' migrants would be arrested - 14 September: A record number of refugees and migrants surge into Hungary on Sunday ahead of the introduction of harsh new immigration laws - 14 September: Syrian refugees endure horrific conditions in Hungarian camps, living in Kiskunhalas camp outside of Budapest without food or blankets inside a fenced forest surrounded by police and army forces, with recent rains turning the forest into a pool of mud - 15 September: Hungary imposes strict new border controls in crackdown on refugees, as laws to criminalise refugees and migrants come into force - 17 September: Refugees and migrants accumulate at Hungarian border with Serbia after Hungarian regime brings in tough new measures, using use tear gas and water cannons and detaining dozens - 17 September: Thousands of refugees enter Croatia after Hungary's crackdown - 18 September: Hungary builds border fence with Croatia as Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia - 19 September: More than 4,400 refugees and migrants cross from Croatia to Hungary in 24 hours - 17 October 2015: EU-member Hungary closes its border with Croatia using barbed wire to block the path of desperate refugees and migrants to get to northern Europe, as dictator Assad, Russian, Iranian and Hezbollah terrorists commit more war crimes in Syria
Culture of Hungary: Culture of Hungary
Women and women's rights in Hungary: Women in Hungary - Women's rights in Hungary
Children and childhood in Hungary: Childhood in Hungary - Youth in Hungary
Schools in Hungary: Schools in Hungary
Health in Hungary: Health in
Disease outbreaks in Hungary: Disease outbreaks in Hungary
25 July 2020 4,424 covid-19 cases and 596 deaths in Hungary: On 25 July 2020 4,424 covid-19 cases and 596 deaths in Hungary
Hospitals in Hungary: List of hospitals in Hungary
Human rights in Hungary: Human rights in Hungary
Political scandals in Hungary: Political scandals in Hungary
Crime in Hungary: Crime in Hungary
Human trafficking in Hungary: Human trafficking in Hungary
Corruption in Hungary: Corruption in Hungary
Man-made disasters in Hungary: Man-made disasters in Hungary
Massacres in Hungary: Massacres in Hungary
Transport disasters in Hungary: Transport disasters in Hungary
Law and legal history in Hungary: Hungarian law - Legal history of Hungary
Courts and judiciary in Hungary: Courts and judiciary in Hungary
Law enforcement in Hungary: Law enforcement in Hungary
Foreign relations: Foreign relations of Hungary
Treaties of Hungary: Treaties of Hungary
Hungary's membership in international organisations: Hungary's membership in international organisations
Hungary/European Union relations: Hungary/European Union relations, accession in 2004
Immigration to Hungary: Immigration to Hungary
1989 removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria: 1989 removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
Hungary/PR of China relations: Hungary/PR of China relations
Hungary/Greece relations: Hungary/Greece relations
Hungary/Israel relations: Hungary/Israel relations
2012-2014: 17 July 2012: Hungarian president assures Netanyahu of his opposition to anti-Semitism - 5 mai 2013: Le Congrès juif mondial a entamé l'assemblée générale à Budapest en solidarité avec la communauté juive de Hongrie où les actes antisémites se sont multipliés depuis 2012 - 8 November 2013: Hungary Jews struggle with rising anti-Semitism, according to a recent EU Fundamental Rights Agency survey - 26 January 2014: Holocaust survivor and historian Randolph L. Braham returns award to Hungary in protest of country's attempt to 'rewrite history' - 27 January 2014: Hungarian President Ader addresses Holocaust after accusations Hungary 'whitewashed' past - 9 February: Hungary Jews call boycott of Holocaust memorial year accusing PM Orban's government of ignoring the sensitivities of survivors
Protected areas of Hungary: Protected areas of Hungary
Environmentalism in Hungary: Environmentalism in Hungary
Natural disasters in Hungary: Natural disasters in Hungary
Floods in Hungary: Floods in Hungary


Italy - Geography of Italy - Geology of Italy - History of Italy - Italian Renaissance 14th - 16th century - Kingdom of Italy 1861–1946 - Demographics of Italy
Economic sectors and companies by industry in Italy: Economic sectors - Companies of Italy by industry
Automobile manufacturers of Italy: Automobile manufacturers of Italy
Electronics companies of Italy: Electronics companies of Italy
Water in Italy: Water in Italy
Rivers of Italy: Rivers of Italy
Economic history and economic cycles in Italy: Economic history of Italy
Italy's economy in the 21st century: Italy's economy in the 21st century
Since 2010 Italian government debt timeline: Italian government debt timeline since 2010
2020/2021 impact of covid-19 on the unemployment rate in Italy: 6 April 2020: Forecasted impact of covid-19 on the unemployment rate in Italy in 2020 and 2021
Taxation and budget in Italy: Taxation in Italy
Italian Parliament: The Italian Parliament, the representative body of Italian citizens and the successor to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy 1861–1943, the transitional National Council 1945–1946 and the Constituent Assembly 1946–1948. It is a bicameral legislature with 945 elected members - this number will be reduced to 600 with the next and upcoming election in September 2022 - and a small number of unelected members. The Italian Parliament is composed of the Chamber of Deputies (with 630 members or deputati elected on a national basis) and Senate of the Republic (with 315 members or senatori elected on a regional basis, plus a small number of senators for life or senatori a vita, either appointed or ex officio). The two Houses are independent from one another and never meet jointly except under circumstances specified by the Constitution. Following a referendum on 21 September 2020, the number of MPs in the Parliament will be reduced from 630 to 400 in the Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate starting with the new legislature since September 2022.
Elections and politics in Italy: Elections in Italy
August-December 2012: 7 août: L'Italie adopte une révision draconienne de ses dépenses publiques - 26 October: Four years in jail over tax evasion for Berlusconi, threatening that 'there will be consequences' - 4 octobre: Face aux scandales de corruption, Monti veut réduire le coût de la politique - 29 October: Apparently losing a regional election in its former stronghold of Sicily Berlusconi's party suffers a major blow following his conviction for tax fraud and his threat to topple Mario Monti's government - 9 December: PM Mario Monti has announced he would resign once next year's budget is approved - 22 December: Prime Minister Mario Monti resigns, elections likely in February - 23 December: On Saturday President Napolitano dissolved parliament and opened the way to election on February 24-25 - 23/28 December: Mario Monti 'available to lead pro-reform coalition' in Italy, now saying he is willing to be 'named leader of the coalition'
February 2013 Lombard regional election: Lombard regional election 10/11 February 2013
February 2013 General election and political gridlock: General election 2013 - Italian general election 24/25 February 2013 - 24 February 2013: Italians began voting on Sunday in a closely watched election whether a new government can pull Italy out of recession and help resolve the euro zone debt crisis - 24 février: La Lombardie, région décisive pour l’issue du scrutin législatif - 26 February: Hopes of economic recovery and stability dashed as election results show no coalition strong enough to form government - 26 February: Italy seeks path out of election impasse - 26 February: Italy seeks path out of election impasse - 16 Marzo 2013: Con 327 voti è stata eletta la presidente della Camera Laura Boldrini, con 137 voti il nuovo presidente del Senato Pietro Grasso - 23 March: Italy's Bersani looking for parliament support - 29 March: Weeks after winning a slim majority in the February polls, Pier Luigi Bersani failed to form a new government and to overcome uncertainty
April 2013: 18 April 2013: Italy's parliament has failed to elect a new president during a first round of voting - 20 April: Democratic party leader Bersani quits after both candidates he backed for presidency fail to garner enough votes in secret ballots - 20 April: Calling on Italian parties too to show 'collective responsibility' for the country, re-elected 87-year-old President Giorgio Napolitano agreed to stand for an unprecedented second term - 25 April: Moderate leftist Enrico Letta begins complex talks on forming a new coalition government - 27 April: Enrico Letta said he had won support of other parties to form a coalition government that will include PDL secretary Alfano as deputy PM and interior minister - 29 avril: Nouveau gouvernement italien Letta a annoncé la suppression des salaires des ministres également parlementaires
September-December 2013: 28 September: All five centre-right ministers in Italy's fragile coalition government resigned at the urging of convicted criminal Silvio Berlusconi, throwing the country into a fresh political crisis - 29 septembre: Président Giorgio Napolitano a déclaré qu’il ne prononcerait la dissolution du Parlement que s’il était impossible de trouver une majorité dans l’actuelle législature - 2 October: Italian PM Enrico Letta won a Senate confidence vote, after Berlusconi key allies withdrew support for him and Berlusconi himself reversed position - 28 September: All five centre-right ministers in Italy's fragile coalition government resigned at the urging of convicted criminal Silvio Berlusconi, throwing the country into a fresh political crisis - 29 septembre: Président Giorgio Napolitano a déclaré qu’il ne prononcerait la dissolution du Parlement que s’il était impossible de trouver une majorité dans l’actuelle législature - 2. Oktober: Bis zu 40 Senatoren der 'Forza Italia' wollen der Regierung Letta, entgegen Berlusconis Plan des Regierungssturzes, das Vertrauen aussprechen - 2 octobre: Le Sénat a voté la confiance au gouvernement d’Enrico Letta, après une surprenante volte-face de Berlusconi, qui est humilié après une fronde au sein de son parti - 12 December: Italian PM Enrico Letta wins confidence votes, vows reforms
May 2014 Italian European Parliament election: Italian European Parliament election 25 May 2014
March 2018 Lombard regional election: 4 March 2018 Lombard regional election
May 2019 European Parliament election in Italy: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Italy
May/June 2019 Italian local elections: 26 May and 9 June 2019 Italian local elections
20/21 luglio 2022 Lega, Fi e M5s non votano la fiducia, Draghi domani alla Camera: 20 luglio 2022: Lega, Fi e M5s non votano la fiducia. Draghi domani alla Camera, continua a leggere 'live'
28 December 2022 senator and Auschwitz survivor Liliana Segre on fighting Italy’s fascists: 28 December 2022: Italian senator Liliana Segre who survived the Auschwitz concentration camp and this year found herself witnessing a far-right government take power again in Rome has said her 'personal nightmare' is that the Holocaust will all but vanish from history books. She was the only one of her relatives to survive the Holocaust, which killed six million Jews as part of Nazi Germany’s second world war campaign to obliterate the Jewish population in Europe. 'That the Holocaust could end up turning into just one line in the history books is my personal nightmare', Segre said in an interview with the Guardian. Segre was expelled from school in 1938 after Benito Mussolini, the Italian fascist dictator and Adolf Hitler ally, enacted anti-Jewish racial laws. Segre was 13 when, on 30 January 1944, she was arrested by Mussolini’s fascist police and deported, along with several other family members, to Auschwitz from Milan’s central train station. She was separated from her father, who was killed the next day. Her mother had died when she was a baby. Only 25 of the 776 Italian children sent to the concentration camp survived.
Social movements, trade unions, criticism and protests in Italy: Protests in Italy - Trade unions in Italy


Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Italy: Italian society
History of religion in Italy: History of religion in Italy
1593–1600 imprisonment, trial and execution of Giordano Bruno: Imprisonment, trial and execution of Giordano Bruno, 1593–1600
August 2020 Vatican under Pope Pius XII hid Holocaust orphans from family: 29 August 2020: Vatican under Pope Pius XII hid Holocaust orphans from family, historian says
Human rights in Italy: Human rights in Italy




Prehistoric and ancient remains of Aosta city dating to the Neolithic era: Prehistoric and ancient remains of Aosta city dating to the Neolithic era


Timeline of Turin since 218 BC: Timeline of Turin since 218 BC


Economy of Milan: Economy of Milan
3rd–8th centuries in Milan: 3rd–8th centuries in Milan
1922–1943 Mussolini' march on Rome, fascist regime, World War II: 1922–1943 Mussolini' march on Rome, fascist regime, World War II by 'Axis powers', Western Allies' invasion of Sicily in July 1943 leading to the collapse of the fascist regime, the fall of Mussolini, and 1943-45 civil war against now occupying NSDAP ruled German empire's forces and allies, including 'Field Marshal' Rommel's Army Group B, formed in northern Italy in July 1943 and tasked to secure Northern Italy after the overthrow of Mussolini, and to disarm the Italian Army, as Rommel ordered 'without sentimentalites' ('Irgendwelche sentimentalen Hemmungen des deutschen Soldaten gegenüber badogliohörigen Banden in der Uniform des ehemaligen Waffenkameraden sind völlig unangebracht. Wer von diesen gegen den deutschen Soldaten kämpft, hat jedes Anrecht auf Schonung verloren und ist mit der Härte zu behandeln, die dem Gesindel gebührt, das plötzlich seine Waffen gegen seinen Freund wendet. Diese Auffassung muss beschleunigt Allgemeingut aller deutschen Truppen werden', zitiert nach Februar 2019 Abschlußbericht 'Die Traditionswürdigkeit Erwin Rommels für die Bundeswehr' des Wissenschaftlichen Dienstes des Deutschen Bundestages
1 October 2021 protest against climate change and escalatiing climate crisis in Milano: 1 October 2021: Protest against climate change and escalatiing climate crisis in Milano


Since 1946 City Council elections and list of mayors of Monza: City Council elections and list of mayors of Monza in the Italian Republic since 1946
29th-21st centuries timeline of Monza: 29th-21st centuries history and timeline of Monza
Since 8/12 September 1943 armistice and NSDAP ruled Germany's brutal response until 1945: L'8 settembre 1943, in occasione dell'armistizio, Gianni Citterio, con i membri del 'Fronte d'azione antifascista' e i rappresentanti dei partiti democratici, si rivolse alla cittadinanza dal balcone del Municipio, incitando i monzesi alla resistenza e alla lotta armata contro il fascismo e contro l'invasore tedesco. Pochi giorni dopo, il 12 settembre 1943, ebbe inizio l'occupazione nazista di Monza, le truppe della 'Wehrmacht' entrarono in città e insediarono il comando presso il macello comunale (tra via Mentana e via Buonarroti). Seguì una capillare occupazione della città con la complicità dei comandi fascisti locali, l'insediamento del comando di piazza nella casa del Fascio, di un presidio militare presso San Fruttuoso e del comando operativo delle SS per tutta l'Italia settentrionale ovest nelle ville attorno la Villa Reale. Nel corso dell'occupazione, dall'aprile 1944, si distinse per brutalità e torture l'Ufficio politico investigativo, istituito dai fascisti repubblichini in dipendenza della Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana con compiti di investigazione e repressione dei reati politici, di cui uno dei tre distaccamenti aveva sede in Monza. La repressione antipartigiana, in collaborazione coi tedeschi, fu portata avanti con interrogatori violenti e torture sistematiche nella Villa Reale e nelle adiacenti ville di via Tommaso Grossi, nel macello comunale, dirimpetto al carcere di via Mentana allora in uso, e nella Casa della GIL, oggi Urban Center[26][27]. Nel quadro della repressione fascista furono attive anche le Brigate Nere cittadine, con soprusi e requisizioni alla popolazione, e la "Banda Pennacchio", una banda di repressione aggregata al comando delle SS monzese. La mattina del 25 aprile 1945, con la città ancora sotto occupazione nazista e con un'ingente presenza fascista, mentre le brigate partigiane calavano da tutta la Brianza, i membri del CLN monzese cercarono un incontro con il comando tedesco per evitare scontri sanguinosi e rappresaglie sulla popolazione. Tale colloquio segnò anche l'ultima presenza documentata del sergente delle SS Siegfried Werning, criminale di guerra che farà perdere le proprie tracce. L'incontro, senza che si raggiungesse un accordo di resa, comportò una "tregua d'armi" dettata dallo stallo a partire dalle ore zero del 25 aprile stesso, per cui i tedeschi non interferirono con gli eventi dell'Insurrezione, riuscendo così a limitare gli scontri armati avvenuti in città tra il 25 e il 26 aprile 1945, che registrarono però alcune vittime civili. Il 26 aprile si insediò il CLN in Municipio e venne nominato primo sindaco della Liberazione il socialista Enrico Farè, membro del CLN e già ultimo sindaco della città prima del Fascismo, che il 30 aprile nominò la giunta municipale. Il 29 aprile 1945 fecero il loro ingresso in città i militari americani della 1Ş divisione corazzata, prendendo contatto, grazie alla mediazione dell'arciprete di Monza monsignor Giovanni Rigamonti, con le SS ancora asserragliate nel loro quartier generale e imponendogli la resa. Il 30 aprile 1945 i tedeschi lasciarono quindi la città
Since 1998 University of Milano-Bicocca located in Milan and Monza; Since 1998 University of Milano-Bicocca located in Milan and Monza


21st century timeline of Cremona city: 21st century timeline of Cremona city


2018 Italian general election in Trentino-Alto Adige won by centre-left coalition: 2018 Italian general election in Trentino-Alto Adige, as centre-left coalition won 43.4% of the vote
Since 1946 list of mayors of Trento in the Italian Republic: Since 1946 list of mayors of Trento
Demographics of Trento: Demographics of Trento
Economy of Trento: Economy of Trento, as the city owes much of its unique economy to its position along the main communication route between Italy and Northern Europe and to the Adige river, formerly a navigable river and one of the main commercial routes in the Alps, as the original course of the river is now covered by the Via Torre Vanga, Via Torre Verde and the Via Alessandro Manzoni, but logistics and road transportation developed. As late as World War II, Trento depended on wine-making and silk. The manufacturing industry installed in the post-war period has been mostly dismantled, and today, Trento thrives on commerce, services, tourism, high-quality agriculture and food industry (including wine, fruit), and developed research and conference institutions thanks to a small but renowned university and internationally renowned research centers
Transport in Trento and Trentino: Transport in Trento and Trentino
Timeline of Trento since 49 BCE: Timeline of Trento since 49 BCE
Timeline of Trento prior to 19th century: Timeline of Trento prior to 19th century
20th century timeline of Trento: 20th century timeline of Trento
21st century timeline of Trento: 21st century timeline of Trento


History of Bolzano: History of Bolzano
Mayors of Bolzano since Italian Republic 1948: List of mayors of Bolzano since Italian Republic 1948
Economy of Bolzano: Economy of Bolzano
Timeline of Bolzano since 14 BC: Timeline of Bolzano documented since 14 BC
Timeline of Bolzano prior to 20th century: Prior to 20th century timeline of Bolzano
20th century timeline of Bolzano: 20th century timeline of Bolzano
21st century timeline of Bolzano: 21st century timeline of Bolzano
October 2023 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections: October 2023 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections


5th-8th centuries timeline of the Republic of Venice: 5th-8th centuries timeline of the Republic of Venice
Since 1172 elections, Great Council of Venice, committee of 40/41 and doge: Selection and then election of the Doge, as tendency toward a hereditary monarchy was checked by a law that decreed that no doge had the right to associate any member of his family with himself in his office, nor to name his successor, and after 1172 the election of the doge was entrusted to a committee of 40/41, who were chosen by four men selected from the Great Council of Venice, which was itself nominated annually by twelve persons - 1172-1797 'Great Council of Venice', a political organ of the Republic of Venice that met in a special large hall of the Palazzo Ducale, as participation in the Great Council was established on hereditary right, exclusive to the patrician families enrolled in the Golden Book of the Venetian nobility, and as the Great Council had the power to create laws and elected the Council of Ten - Since 1179 'Council of Forty' (the Supreme Court of Forty also known as 'The Quarantia'), one of the highest constitutional bodies of the Republic of Venice, with both legal and political functions as the Supreme Court, established as part of the constitutional reforms that transformed the monarchy into a communal form, as an assembly of forty electors were elected in their turn by nine electors who were nominated by the popular assembly 'La Concio'
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19th century Venice: 19th century Venice
Since 1842 Milan–Venice railway: Since 1842 Milan–Venice railway
1866 Venice becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy per Treaty of Vienna: 1866 Venice becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy per Treaty of Vienna
20th/21st centuries in Venice: 20th/21st centuries in Venice
January 2019 Venice battles with tourism and flooding: 6 January 2019: Venice's battles with tourism and flooding reach crisis level


Timeline of Trieste since 79 CE: Timeline of Trieste since 79 CE
Since 1236 history of the Jews in Trieste: History of the Jews in Trieste goes back over 800 years
20th century Trieste: 20th century Trieste
Since 1912 Synagogue of Trieste: Since 1912 Synagogue of Trieste
1 May 1945 Trieste city taken by Yugoslav forces: 1 May 1945 Trieste city taken by Yugoslav forces
21st century Trieste: 21st century Trieste


Timeline of Genoa since 209 BC: Timeline of Genoa since 209 BC
21st century Genoa: 21st century Genoa


20th/21st centuries history of Emilia-Romagna region and timeline: 20th and 21st centuries history of Emilia-Romagna region and timeline
July 1914 Italy neutral, 1914/1915 central powers aggressions, April/May 1915 'Treaty of London' and Italian entry against aggressors: When World War I began in July 1914, Italy was a partner in the Triple Alliance with German empire and Austria-Hungary but decided to remain neutral, as a strong sentiment existed within the general population and political factions to go to war against Austria-Hungary, as the liberation of regions in the Alps eastward to Trieste at the northern end of the Adriatic Sea was a primary goal and would 'liberate' Italian speaking populations from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, while uniting them with their cultural homeland, after during the immediate pre-war years, Italy started aligning itself closer to the Entente powers, France and Great Britain, for military and economic support. In April 1915 - amid first attacks of 'Central Powers' chemical warfare in Belgium/France - Italy negotiated the secret Pact of London by which Great Britain and France promised to support Italy annexing the frontier lands in return for entering the war on the Entente side. On May 3, Italy resigned from the Triple Alliance and later declared war against Austria-Hungary, as at the beginning of this period of war against 'Central Powers' aggressions since July 1914, the Italian army boasted less than 300,000 men, but mobilization greatly increased its size to more than 5 million by the war’s end in November 1918. Approximately 460,000 were killed and 955,000 were wounded in the conflict, in its final period involving later German empire's 'Field Marshall' Erwin Rommel with war crimes (chemical warfare) - June 1915 Isonzo front, with the dream of breaking over the Karst Plateau into the Carniolan Basin, taking Ljubljana and threatening the Austro-Hungarian Empire's capital Vienna. It was a Napoleonic plan, which had no realistic chance of success in an age of barbed wire, machine guns, indirect artillery fire, chemical warfare, submarine warfare, tanks and warplanes, and more in the 20th century, until 3 November 1918 armistice of 'Villa Giusti' outside Padua in the Veneto - October-November 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto - after during the Battle of Caporetto October-November 1917 the Italian Army suffered over 300,000 casualties (dead, injured and captured), was forced to withdraw, causing the replacement of the Italian Supreme Commander Luigi Cadorna with General Armando Diaz - marking the end of the war on the Italian Front, securing the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and contributing to the end of WWI just one week later - 26 April 1915 'Treaty of London' between the UK, France, Russia, and Italy with the aim of enticing Italy to enter WWI on the side of the Triple Entente, as the agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and in Africa
Since 1943 Italian women in the Resistance against German/Italian WWII and the libaration of northern Italy: After in summer 1943 Italy became a nation in growing crisis with the economy in shambles in a state of semi-starvation and chaos, Italians now longed for the liberation from the German NSDAP-SS/Italian fascist yoke. In September the first the first partisan bands were formed. From June-August 1944 alone, according to the German high command, the partisans killed some 5,000 of their soldiers and wounded thousands more. In late August in regions of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont underground forces began activities to coincide with the Allied offensive and to the partisans it seemed that the liberation of northern Italy was imminent. In Bologna partisan Clarice Boniburini promoted to the rank of a lieutenant and was only one ot thousands of women who had become a vital force in the resistance, as the total number of partisans had grown to nearly 200,000
May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods, Italy’s worst flooding for 100 years: May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods, a series of floods in and around the cities of Bologna, Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna and Rimini, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The first floods occurred between 2 and 3 May 2023, killing two people. The same amount of rain which usually falls in seven months fell in two weeks, causing the overflow of twenty-three rivers across the region. - 18 May 2023: The floods in the northern Emilia-Romagna region have claimed 13 lives as of Thursday evening. An estimated 20,000 have been left homeless in a disaster that caused 23 rivers to burst their banks and 280 landslides, engulfing 41 cities and towns. Older and disabled people were trapped in their homes as rescuers worked under pounding rain throughout the night to save people in the most catastrophic flooding to affect Italy in 100 years.
Economy of Bologna city and region: Economy of Bologna city, as in terms of total GDP, the Metropolitan City of Bologna generated a value of about €35 billion in 2017, equivalent to €34,251 per capita, the third highest figure among Italian provinces (after Milan and Bolzano/Bozen), as the economy of Bologna is characterized by a flourishing industrial sector, traditionally centered on the transformation of agricultural and zootechnical products (Eridania, Granarolo, Segafredo Zanetti, Conserve Italia), machinery (Coesia, IMA, Sacmi), construction equipment (Maccaferri); energy (Hera Group), automotive (Ducati, Lamborghini), footwear, textile, engineering, chemical, printing and publishing (Cappelli, il Mulino, Monrif Group, Zanichelli). In particular, Bologna is considered the centre of the so-called 'packaging valley', an area well known for its high concentration of firms specialised in the manufacturing of automatic packaging machines (COESIA, IMA), and furthermore, Bologna is well known for its dense network of cooperatives, a feature that dates back to the social struggles of farmers and workers in the 1800s and that today produces up to a third of its GDP and occupies 265 thousand people in the Emilia-Romagna region
Timeline of Bologna since at least 1,000 BCE: Timeline of Bologna since at least 1,000 BCE and first settlements
189 BCE Bologna town becomes a Roman colony: 189 BCE Bologna town becomes a Roman colony
June 2016 Bologna municipal election: June 2016 Bologna municipal election
Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Bologna: Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Bologna


Timeline and history of Tuscany in the Italian Republic: Timeline and history of Tuscany in the Italian Republic
Timeline of Florence: Timeline of Florence
21st century Florence: 21st century Florence


Perugia city: Perugia city, the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber, and of the province of Perugia. The city is located about 164km north of Rome and 148 km southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. The region of Umbria is bordered by Tuscany, Lazio, and Marche, as the history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period when Perugia became one of the main Etruscan cities. Today the city is also known as the universities town, with the University of Perugia founded in 1308 (today about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges such as the Academy of Fine Arts 'Pietro Vannucci', the Perugia University Institute of Linguistic Mediation for translators and interpreters, the Music Conservatory of Perugia, founded in 1788, and other institutes
Timeline of Perugia: Timeline of Perugia
41-40 BC Perusine War: 41-40 BC Perusine War, a civil war of the Roman Republic, which was fought by Lucius Antonius and Fulvia to support Mark Antony against his political enemy (and the future Emperor Augustus), Octavian on his way to become first Roman emperor until 19 August AD 14, followed by others and establishing a new military state of slaveholders, on the one hand later successful emperors in the Jewish–Roman wars with a dramatic impact on the Jewish people, turning them from a major population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a scattered and persecuted minority, a disaster to Jewish society and history, as the events also had a major impact on Judaism, after the central worship site of Second Temple Judaism, the Second Temple in Jerusalem, was destroyed by Titus' troops in 70 CE, as Jewish presence in parts of the Southern Levant was regained only in the mid-20th century, with the founding of the modern state of Israel in 1948 CE, on the other hand not successful in the 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' probably in the Osnabrück region in automn 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, as the alliance was led by Arminius
20th and 21st centuries Perugia: 20th and 21st centuries Perugia




Economy of Rome and companies based in the city: Economy of Rome - Companies based in Rome
Timeline of the city of Rome since antiquity: Timeline of the city of Rome since antiquity and history
In 71BC at the end of 'Servile Wars' 6,000 slaves crucified by Crassus along the Appian Way from Rome: 135BC-71BC the series of three slave revolts in Sicily and on mainland Italy, 73-71BC led by Spartacus in the 'Third Servile War', had significant and far-reaching effects on Rome's broader history. Pompey and Crassus exploited their successes to further their political careers, using their public acclaim and the implied threat of their legions to sway the consular elections of 70BC in their favor. Their actions as consuls greatly furthered the subversion of Roman political institutions and contributed to the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. In 71BC at the end of the 'Servile Wars' in the late 509BC–27BC 'Roman Republic', 6,000 slaves were crucified by Crassus, 5,000 slaves were crucified by Pompey. - The major source of slaves had been Roman military expansion during the Republic. The use of former enemy soldiers as slaves finally led to a series of en masse armed rebellions, the Servile Wars, the last of which was led by Spartacus, after the lack of new territorial conquests had dried up the supply line of human trafficking, followed by increased legal restrictions on freeing slaves to maintain an enslaved workforce. Escaped slaves would be hunted down and returned (often for a reward). There were also many cases of poor people selling their children to richer neighbours as slaves in times of hardship. - 17 February 2011: 'Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome', professor Keith Bradley (BBC archived website)
1653-1713 Arcangelo Corelli: 1653-1713 Arcangelo Corelli, an Italian violinist and composer of the 'Baroque' era, as chronicles of the 'Accademia Filarmonica of Bologna' indicate that Corelli was accepted as a member by 1670, following the 16th century Venetian School's development of the polychoral style, among the most famous musical works in Europe, and their enormous influence on musical practice in other countries. Corelli's music became a key in the development of the modern genres of sonata and concerto, in establishing the preeminence of the violin, and as the first coalescing of modern tonality and functional harmony. - 16th century Venetian School's development of the polychoral style - 16th/17th centuries Roman School composers of predominantly church music, in Rome, during the 16th and 17th centuries and the period of Catholic response to the Protestant reformation and revolution, a period that began with the 1545–1563 Council of Trent and largely ended with the conclusion of the 1618-48 European wars of religion in 1648
1923-1943 (1945) Italian imperialism under Fascism: Italian imperialism under Fascism, as among the regime's goals were the acquisition of territory considered historically Italian in France (e.g. Nice), Yugoslavia (e.g. Dalmatia), the expansion of Italy's sphere of influence into the Balkans (e.g. Greece) and the acquisition of more colonies in Africa. The 'pacification' of Libya (1923–32), the invasion of Ethiopia (1935–36), the invasion of Albania (1939), the invasion of France (1940), the invasion of Greece (1940–41) and the invasion of Yugoslavia (1941) were all undertaken in part to add to Italy's national space. According to historians, Fascist Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini, particularly in Africa, served as a model for the much more famous expansionism of Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe - Military history of Italy during World War II
Da agosto 1875 monumento della vergogna: Crimini di guerra della Wehrmacht furono quelli commessi dalle forze armate tedesche durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che tra il settembre 1939 e il maggio 1945 si macchiarono di innumerevoli crimini di guerra, crimini contro le popolazioni civili e violazioni delle norme internazionali che regolavano i conflitti armati, specialmente sul fronte orientale - 'Armadio della vergogna', un'espressione del giornalismo relativo a crimini di guerra commessi sul territorio italiano durante la campagna d'Italia (1943-1945) dalle truppe nazifasciste - Depuis 16 août 1875 monument d'Hermann ('Hermannsdenkmal' - 'sapere aude'), un monument situé en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie en Allemagne dans le sud de la forêt de Teutberg, qui se trouve au sud-ouest de Detmold dans le district de Lippe. Il se dresse sur le mont densément boisé de Teutberg qui s'élève à 386 mètres, au centre de la fortification circulaire de Grotenburg, mais c'est vers l'ouest et non vers le sud que la statue - inaugurée en présence de l'empereur Guillaume - est tournée - 9 CE 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' in the northern countryside of Osnabrück, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, as the alliance was led by Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia 'Arminius', who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. The very cruel battle reportedly (by contemporary historians) for many days is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania - List of ancient Germanic peoples
21st century Rome: 21st century Rome
June 2016 Rome municipal election: 5 June and 19 June 2016 Rome municipal election


Timeline of L'Aquila since 1240: Timeline of L'Aquila since 1240
History and timeline of Pescara: History and timeline of Pescara










Islands of Italy: Islands of Italy
Geography and climate of Sardinia: Geography and climate of Sardinia
History of Sardinia: History of Sardinia
Timeline of Cagliari: Timeline of Cagliari
21st century timeline of Cagliari: 21st century timeline of Cagliari


Sicily island: Sicily island, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy with its capital city of Palermo, as it is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as 'Regione Siciliana', with about 5 million inhabitants - Geology of Sicily - Geography of Sicily, separated from Calabria and the rest of the Italian mainland by the Strait of Messina, as the total area of the island is 25,711 km2 while the Autonomous Region of Sicily (which includes smaller surrounding islands) has an area of 27,708 km2, as the terrain of inland Sicily is mostly hilly and is intensively cultivated wherever possible, as along the northern coast mountain ranges up to 2,000 m are an extension of the mainland Apennines, as the cone of Mount Etna dominates the eastern coast, and as also Sicily's surrounding small islands have some highly active volcanoes due to the fact that Sicily is is placed in its natural history on the northern edge of the African continental plate
Environment and climate of Sicily: Environment and climate of Sicily
History of Sicily til today in the 21st century: History of Sicily, influenced by numerous ethnic groups, in ancient times controlled by external powers – Phoenician and Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Vandal and Ostrogoth - then Byzantine Greek, Aghlabid, Kalbid, Norman, Aragonese and Spanish, but also experiencing important periods of independence, as under the indigenous Sicanians, Elymians and Sicels, and later as the Emirate of Sicily, County of Sicily, and Kingdom of Sicily, as the Kingdom was founded in 1130 by Roger II, belonging to the Siculo-Norman family of Hauteville - 19th century unification of Italy period, emigration and mafia, early 20th century and Fascist period, since 1946 post-war period, Sicilian Regional Assembly, Sicilian Independence Movement, and 1960s Sicilian Mafia trials, as in the second decade of the 21st century, Sicily has become a destination for migrants coming from Africa and Middle Eastern countries, as well as Bangladesh, on their way to Europe, mainly Germany, Northern Italy, France and Sweden
Industry and manufacturing, GDP growth since 2000: Industry and manufacturing, GDP growth since 2000 and statistics


Cities and municipalities in Sicily: 390 municipalities in Sicily
Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Messina: List of municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Messina
Timeline of Messina since 730 BCE: Timeline of Messina since 730 BCE
July-August 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily during liberation of Europe: July-August 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily
August 1943 Battles for Etna positions: August 1943 Battles for Etna positions
21st century Messina: 21st century Messina


Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo: List of municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo
Economy and infrastructure of Palermo: Economy and infrastructure of Palermo
20th century timeline of Palermo: 20th century timeline of Palermo
September 1943 NSDAP ruled German empire's bombardements targeting Palermo: 1943 'Luftwaffe' bombardamenti sconda guerra mondiale - 13/9/43 Luftwaffe: Palermo, 23/9/43 Luftwaffe: Palermo
Timeline of Palermo in the 21st century: Timeline of Palermo in the 21st century


Municipalities of the Province of Syracuse: List of municipalities of the Province of Syracuse
Timeline of Syracuse since 8th century BCE settlement established by Corinthian Greeks: Timeline of Syracuse since 8th century BCE, as settlement established by Corinthian Greeks
February 1941 - July 1943 Allied bombardaments: 15 febbraio 1941 - 10 luglio 1943 bombardamenti aerei degli Alleati
21st century timeline of Syracuse: 21st century timeline of Syracuse


26 novembre 2022 en Italie un glissement de terrain meurtrier frappe l'île d'Ischia: 26 novembre 2022: En Italie un glissement de terrain meurtrier frappe l'île d'Ischia après des fortes pluies


Geology, climate and environment of Pantelleria island: Geology, climate and environment of Pantelleria island


Culture of Italy: Culture of Italy
Italian cultural history: Italian cultural history
14th - 16th century Italian 'Renaissance': Italian 'Renaissance' 14th - 16th century
Schools in Italy: Schools in Italy
Universities and colleges in Italy: Universities and colleges in Italy
Health in Italy: Health in Italy
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Italy: Medical outbreaks in Italy - Man-made disasters in Italy
Health disasters in Italy: Health disasters in Italy
Since 31 January 2020 covid-19 outbreak in Italy: 2020 Chinese coronavirus outbreak in Italy
Timeline of the covid-19 pandemic in Italy: Timeline of the covid-19 pandemic in Italy since January 2020
17 February 2021 2,751,657 confirmed covid-19 cases and 94,540 deaths: 17 February 2021 2,751,657 confirmed covid-19 cases and 94,540 deaths
Hospitals in Italy: Hospitals in Italy
Athletics in Italy: Athletics in Italy
Gymnastics in Italy: Gymnastics in Italy
Winter sports and Alpine skiing competitions in Italy: Winter sports competitions in Italy - Alpine skiing competitions in Italy
Football in Italy: Football in Italy
Newspapers in Italy: List of newspapers in Italy
Radio stations in Italy: Radio stations in Italy
Internet in Italy: Internet in Italy
Crime in Italy: Crime in Italy
Since 71 BC Roman empire's mass murder of slaves and further imperial conquests: Um 71 v. Chr. 'Zweite Schlacht am Silarus' zwischen aufständischen Sklaven, deren Heer von wütenden Sklaven nach Zeitzeugenberichten derzeit schon 200.000 bewaffnete Sklaven umfasste, und römischen Legionären - besser trainiert und vor allem gut bewaffnet auf der Grundlage von durch Sklaven produziertem Reichtum -, in der der Anführer der Widerstandsbewegung Spartacus bald nach Beginn der Schlacht getötet werden konnte ohne daß seine Leiche je gefunden wurde (zur Nachahmung bis 1919 und zur Gegenwart), damit nach dem Tod ihres Generals viele Widerstandskämpfer den Mut verloren wegen der Unklarheit des Geschehens und sie sich den Römern ergaben, um dann von den 'patres familias' und ihrem Befehlshaber Crassus, bekannt insbesondere auch für seinen zusammengeraubten gewaltigen Reichtum, als gefangenene Sklaven zu tausenden entlang der Via Appia ans Kreuz geschlagen zu werden, im geschichtlichen Ablauf später gefolgt von Crassus' Feldzug nach Syrien, der dann von Augustus, seit 30 v. Chr. Alleinherrscher (Römische Kaiserzeit 27 v. Chr. bis 284 n. Chr.), fortgesetzt wurde u.a. bis hin zur Liquidierung Judäas und Israels
Antisemitism in Italy: Antisemitism in Italy
Italian fascism and racism: Italian fascism and racism
Since 1922 Jews during the fascist era in Italy: Since 1922 Jews during the fascist era in Italy
Racism in Italy and antisemitism in 21st-century Italy: Racism in Italy - Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy
Organized crime and mafia in Italy: Organized crime in Italy - Mafia - Organized crime events in Italy
Since 19th century Sicilian Mafia: Since 19th century Sicilian Mafia
Terrorism in Italy: Terrorism in Italy
August 1980 Bologna massacre: August 1980 Bologna massacre
December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks: December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks
Violence in Italy: Violence in Italy
Violence against women in Italy: Violence against women in Italy - Rape in Italy
Human trafficking in Italy: Human trafficking in Italy
Corruption, white-collar crime and scandals in Italy: Corruption in Italy - Scandals in Italy - Political scandals in Italy
2013: 6 March 2013: An Italian clothes maker whose business was turned down for credit shot dead two civil servants and himself in the city of Perugia in an attack that the local mayor blamed on the crisis - 28/29 April 2013: L'auteur d'une fusillade devant la présidence du Conseil à Rome, alors que le Premier ministre Enrico Letta et les membres de son gouvernement prêtaient serment, 'voulait tirer sur des hommes politiques' - 26 July: Italian police have arrested at least 50 people in a big anti-Mafia operation in the coastal region near Rome and in Calabria - 20 August 2013: Italy’s financial police announced that it has uncovered nearly 5,000 tax evaders so far in 2013, who have collectively avoided a €17.5 billion bill - 30. August: Berlusconi-Getreuer Matacena, 2010 wegen Absprachen mit dem kalabrischen 'Ndrangheta-Clan zu fünf Jahren Haft verurteilt, geht der Polizei ins Netz
2012-2013 former PM Berlusconi sentenced to several years in prison for different crimes: Procedimenti giudiziari a carico di Silvio Berlusconi
2013: 1 March 2013: Former PM Berlusconi is under investigation on suspicion of bribing a senator to change sides in parliament 2006 - 7 March 2013: Former PM Berlusconi has been sentenced to a year in prison over the publication of leaked transcripts from a police wiretap concerning a political rival to be published in a newspaper run by Berlusconi's brother - 8 May 2013: Former PM Berlusconi's tax fraud conviction and four-year prison sentence were upheld on the first appeal raising demands that he should be barred from public office immediately - 9 May: A day after Milan court upheld his conviction in the case of tax fraud, prosecutors on Thursday filed charges against Berlusconi for bribing a left-wing senator 3.0 million euros to join his party - 19 June: Italy’s constitutional court upholds Berlusconi tax fraud conviction - 24 juin: Silvio Berlusconi a été condamné à sept ans de prison et une peine d'inéligibilité à vie pour incitation à la prostitution de mineure et abus de pouvoir - 19 July: Milan court finds Silvio Berlusconi's associates guilty on sex charges - 1 août: La Cour de cassation a confirmé la condamnation à une peine de quatre ans de prison ferme de Silvio Berlusconi pour fraude fiscale - 2 août: La condamnation définitive de Silvio Berlusconi à une peine de prison met sous pression la fragile coalition gauche-droite au pouvoir - maintenant Berlusconi est un criminel - 19 October: Milan court hands Silvio Berlusconi two-year ban from public office - 23 October: Berlusconi faces new trial starting on February 11 for bribing senator - 28 November: Silvio Berlusconi expelled from Italian parliament over tax fraud - 29 November: Italian court accuses Berlusconi of bribing witnesses in his paying for sex with a minor case
Disasters in Italy: Disasters in Italy
Judiciary and court system in Italy: Judiciary of Italy
Foreign relations of Italy: Foreign relations of Italy
Treaties of Italy: Treaties of Italy
Italian membership in international institutions: Italian membership in international institutions
Italy and the United Nations: Italy and the United Nations
Italy/European Union relations: Italy and the European Union
2012/2013: 7 septembre 2012: Naufrage près de Lampedusa - 54 immigrés sauvés, des disparus recherchés - 3 October 2013 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck - 4 October 2013: Three hundred people were feared dead after a boat carrying up to 500 African asylum seekers caught fire and sank in the water off the Italian island of Lampedusa - 9 octobre: Barroso et Letta accueillis mercredi sur l'île de Lampedusa, par les huées et les insultes d'habitants - 11 October 2013 shipwreck - 11/12 October: Dozens of people died on Friday when a boat carrying around 250 migrants capsized between Sicily and Tunisia, a week after the 3 October 2013 migrant shipwreck - 14 October: Italy will increase patrols in the Mediterranean following the two recent disasters in which hundreds of migrants died while attempting to reach Europe - 20 October: A boatload of 254 Syrian and Egyptian migrants including 94 minors landed in Italy on Sunday after a perilous voyage through rough seas from Egypt - 25 October: Nearly 700 refugees including dozens of Eritreans have been rescued off Sicily in five operations, as leaders grapple with the issue of illegal immigration at a EU summit
2016: 30 January 2016: At least 10,000 unaccompanied child refugees have disappeared after arriving in Europe, 5,000 in Italy alone, according to the EU’s criminal intelligence agency - 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 16 avril 2016: Le pape rentre de Grèce avec 12 réfugiés syriens - 16 avril 2016: L'association européenne SOS Méditerranée annonce avoir secouru 116 migrants ce samedi - 25 May: Italian navy saves 550 refugees as smugglers' trawler capsizes in the southern Mediterranean - 28 May 2016: The Italian navy has recovered the bodies of 45 people who drowned on Friday, while dozens of others are still missing in the third major tragedy in the Mediterranean in as many days
Bilateral relations of Italy: Bilateral relations of Italy
Italy/Afghanistan relations: Italy/Afghanistan relations
1890-1936 Italian Eritrea: Italian Eritrea 1890-1936
Italy/Algeria relations: Italy/Algeria relations
Italy/Bangladesh relations: Italy/Bangladesh relations
Italy/PR of China relations: Italy/PR of China relations
Chinese people in Italy: Chinese people in Italy
Italy/Egypt relations: Italy/Egypt relations
Italy/Eritrea relations: Italy/Eritrea relations
Since 1848 Italian empire and Italian colonisation in Africa: Italian Empire since 1848 - Italian colonisation in Africa
1890-1936 Italian Eritrea: Italian Eritrea 1890-1936
1936-1941 Italian East Africa: Italian East Africa 1936-1941
Italy/Ethiopia relations: Italy/Ethiopia relations
Since 1848 Italian empire and Italian colonisation in Africa: Italian Empire since 1848 - Italian colonisation in Africa
1937 Italian Atrocities against the native population: !937 Italian Atrocities against the native population
Italy/France relations: Italy/France relations
Italy/Germany relations: Italy/Germany relations
Italy/India relations: Italy/India relations - Indians in Italy
Italy/Iran relations: Italy/Iran relations
Italy/Israel relations: Italy/Israel relations
Roman empire's conquests in West Asia, 1st century Pilate's Court, trial and execution of Jesus of Nazareth: Roman empire's conquests in West Asia, 1st century Pilate's Court, rial and execution of Jesus of Nazareth
Since 6 CE Jewish resistance to the census imposed for Roman tax purposes: Judas of Galilee, or Judas of Gamala, was a Jewish leader who led resistance to the census imposed for Roman tax purposes by Quirinius in Judea Province around 6 CE - Seit Beginn des 1. Jahrhunderts jüdischer Widerstand gegen die römische Fremdherrschaft, während der auch Judas der Galiläer und seine zwei Söhne, Simon und Jakobus, die wie ihr Vater ihr Leben in den Dienst der Rebellion gegen die römische Fremdherrschaft stellten, von dem römischen Prokurator Tiberius Alexander (46–48 n. Chr.) gekreuzigt wurden - 66 CE Battle of Beth Horon was a battle fought in 66 CE between the Roman army and Jewish rebels - April–December 67 CE Galilee campaign, when Roman general Vespasian invaded Galilee under the orders of Emperor Nero in order to crush the Great Revolt of Judea
History of the Jews in the Roman Empire and in Italy: History of the Jews in the Roman Empire - History of the Jews in Italy
Nazi designs to bomb Jewish cities in Palestine, planning the Holocaust in the Middle East: 8 December 2016: Nazi designs to bomb Jewish cities in Palestine, planning the Holocaust in the Middle East
June/July 1940 Italian bombing of Haifa: June/July 1940 Italian bombing of Haifa
Italy/Lebanon relations: Italy/Lebanon relations
Italy/Libya relations: Italy/Libya relations
1910-1947 History of Libya as Italian colony: History of Libya as Italian colony 1910-1947
1911-1912 Tripolitanian War: Tripolitanian War 1911-1912
1911-1943 'Italian Libya' protectorate and colony of Italy: 'Italian Libya' protectorate and colony of Italy 1911-1943
1923-1932 Second Italo-Senussi War: Second Italo-Senussi War 1923-1932
Since 1938 Italy’s aggressive policies against Jews and the Jews of Libya during the Holocaust: Since 1938 Italy’s aggressive policies against Jews and the Jews of Libya during the Holocaust
Italy/Mali relations: Italy/Mali relations
Italy/Malta relations: Italy/Malta relations
June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta: June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta
Since 1942 World War II sites in Malta: Since 1940 World War II sites in Malta
Italy/Nigeria relations:
Italy/Pakistan relations: Italy/Pakistan relations
Italy/Russia relations: Italy/Russia relations
Italy/Serbia relations: SItaly/Serbia relations
Italy/Somalia relations: Italy/Somalia relations
1889-1936 Italian Somaliland: Italian Somaliland 1889–1936
1936–1941 colony of the Kingdom of Italy 'Italian East Africa': Italian East Africa 1936–1941, colony of the Kingdom of Italy
Italy/Spain relations: Italy/Spain relations
1938 Bombing of Barcelona: Bombing of Barcelona March 1938
2016: 29 January 2016: Hours after Italian authorities covered up nude Roman statues in order to spare the blush and not to offend visiting Iranian murderous regime's president Rouhani, Italy's obsequious, impertinent and unprincipled Matteo Renzi, visiting Berlin on Friday, and German chancellor Angela Merkel pledge to tackle Europe’s refugee and migrant influx but failed to resolve discord on an EU deal with Turkey to limit arrivals - 23 May 2016: Syrian HNC women hold high-level meetings in Rome, emphasizing the role of Syrian women in the future of Syria, while Italian officials stressed the need for international action to put an end to violence against civilians and to hold violators of human rights to account - 21 October 2016: EU fails to agree on threatening Russia with sanctions over Aleppo as push by Britain, France and Germany to address Syrian bombing campaign lacks unanimous support at Brussels summit
Italy/Tunisia relations: Italy/Tunisia relations - Italian Tunisians
Italy/Ukraine relations: Italy/Ukraine relations
Italy/United Kingdom relations: Italy/United Kingdom relations
Italians in the United Kingdom: Italians in the United Kingdom
2017: 11 November 2017: Italian prosecutors accused of mistaking a refugee for one of the world’s most notorious people-smugglers have wiretapped the conversations of reporter Lorenzo Tondo working for the Guardian who helped expose their alleged error, known since weeks
Italy/USA relations: Italy/USA relations - 20 September 2012: Italy's highest criminal court upholds the convictions of 23 Americans in the abduction of Egyptian Osama Moustafa Hassan Nasr 2003 from a Milan street as part of the CIA's extraordinary rendition program, paving the way to possible extradition requests by Italian authorities - 1 juillet 2013: Le 'Guardian' a affirmé que la France, l'Italie et la Grèce figuraient parmi les 38 'cibles' surveillées par la NSA - les Européens exigent des explications - 24 October 2013: USA reportedly spied on Italian government - 7 janvier 2016: 'Nous payons encore, 15 ans après, les conséquences de ce qui était censé être une guerre éclair pour éliminer la menace terroriste', dit le ministre des Affaires étrangères italien Paolo Gentiloni à l'égard de la soi-disant guerre de Washington contre le terrorisme
Climate of Italy: Climate of Italy
Mountains of Italy by region: Mountains of Italy by region - The Pennine Alps, amongst the three highest major subranges of the Alps, together with the Bernese Alps and the Mont Blanc massif, in Italy located in the Piedmont region and the Aosta Valley region - Mountains of Lombardy- Mountains of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol - Mountains of Veneto region - Carnic Alps in Austria and northeastern Italy's Friuli (Province of Udine) and marginally in Veneto - Mount Vesuvius located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania and one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera, caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure - Mountains of Sicily - List of volcanoes in Italy
Rivers of Italy: Rivers of Italy
Po river: Po river, the longest river in Italy flowing eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps, and flowing through many important Italian cities, including Turin, Piacenza, Cremona and Ferrara. It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called navigli, ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice, creating a wide delta at the southern part. The Po valley was the territory of Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided into Cispadane Gaul (south of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (north of the Po). - Tributaries of the Po river, as drainage basins of Switzerland include the Po basin, the tributaries of the Dora Baltea, the Ticino basin, the tributaries of the Oglio, the Adige river and its tributaries - History of the territory of the 'Province of Rovigo', that was first colonized by the Greeks, who founded the colony of Adria in the 12th-11th centuries BC. During the 6th and 5th centuries BC Etruscans and Venetians inhabited the area, followed by the Romans
Natural disasters in Italy: Natural disasters in Italy
May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods, Italy’s worst flooding for 100 years: May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods, a series of floods in and around the cities of Bologna, Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna and Rimini, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The first floods occurred between 2 and 3 May 2023, killing two people. The same amount of rain which usually falls in seven months fell in two weeks, causing the overflow of twenty-three rivers across the region. - 18 May 2023: The floods in the northern Emilia-Romagna region have claimed 13 lives as of Thursday evening. An estimated 20,000 have been left homeless in a disaster that caused 23 rivers to burst their banks and 280 landslides, engulfing 41 cities and towns. Older and disabled people were trapped in their homes as rescuers worked under pounding rain throughout the night to save people in the most catastrophic flooding to affect Italy in 100 years.
High temperatures, heatwaves abd wildfires in Italy: List of extreme high temperatures, heatwaves in Italy
2003 European heat wave: 2003 European heat wave
8 August 2021 wildfires in Italy threaten agriculture and nature reserves: 8 August 2021: Wildfires in Italy threaten agriculture and nature reserves
Weather events in Italy: Weather events in Italy - List of extreme temperatures in Italy/div>

Kosovo - Geography of Kosovo - History of Kosovo - Battle of Kosovo 1389 - Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia (World War I 1914-1918) - World War II - Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo - Kosovo War 1998-1999 - Kosovo status process - 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
Mining in Kosovo: Mining in Kosovo - Mines in Kosovo
Coal mines in Kosovo: Coal mines in Kosovo
Lead and zinc mines in Kosovo: Lead and zinc mines in Kosovo
Nickel mines in Kosovo: Nickel mines in Kosovo
Agriculture in Kosovo: Agriculture in Kosovo
Forests of Kosovo: Forests of Kosovo
Political parties in Kosovo: Political parties in Kosovo
1999-2008 Temporary administration of the UN Mission in Kosovo: 1999-2008 Temporary administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo
Elections and politics in Kosovo: Elections in Kosovo
2010 political crisis in Kosovo: 2010 political crisis in Kosovo
December 2010 Kosovan parliamentary election: Kosovan parliamentary election 12 December 2010
February 2016 Kosovan presidential election: 26 February 2016 Kosovan presidential election
February 2021 Kosovan parliamentary election: 14 February 2021 Kosovan parliamentary election
Social movements and protests in Kosovo: Protests in Kosovo
2015 Kosovo protests: 2015 Kosovo protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Kosovo: Kosovar society - Human rights in Kosovo
List of cities in Kosovo: List of cities in Kosovo
Ethnic groups in Kosovo: Ethnic groups in Kosovo
Education in Kosovo: Education in Kosovo
Schools in Kosovo: Schools in Kosovo
Health in Kosovo: Health in Kosovo
Healthcare in Kosovo: Healthcare in Kosovo
Media of Kosovo: Media of Kosovo
Attacks and threats against journalists in Kosovo: Attacks and threats against journalists in Kosovo
Broadcasting in Kosovo:
Radio in Kosovo - Television in Kosovo
Internet in Kosovo: Internet in Kosovo
Crime in Kosovo: Crime in Kosovo
Violence, terrorism and war crimes in Kosovo: Terrorism in Kosovo
Destruction of Albanian and Serbian heritage in Kosovo: Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo - Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo
Since 1998/1999 Kosovo War crimes witness intimidation and deaths: Since 1998/1999 Kosovo War crimes witness intimidation and deaths
Human trafficking in Kosovo: Human trafficking in Kosovo
Law of Kosovo: Law of Kosovo
Judiciary and court system of Kosovo: Judiciary of Kosovo
Since 2009 Constitutional Court of Kosovo: Since 2009 Constitutional Court of Kosovo
Law enforcement in Kosovo: Law enforcement in Kosovo
Foreign relations of Kosovo: Foreign relations of the Republic of Kosovo
International recognition of Kosovo: International recognition of Kosovo
Treaties of Kosovo: Treaties of Kosovo
1999-2008 Temporary administration of the UN Mission in Kosovo: 1999-2008 Temporary administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo
Bilateral relations of Kosovo: Bilateral relations of Kosovo
Kosovo/Albania relations: Kosovo/Albania relations
Kosovo/Israel relations: Kosovo/Israel relations
Kosovo/Serbia relations: Kosovo/Serbia relations
Since 2008 Belgrade–Pristina negotiations: Belgrade–Pristina negotiations since 2008
Kosovo/Turkey relations: Kosovo/Turkey relations
Landforms of Kosovo: Landforms of Kosovo

Latvia - Geography of Latvia - History of Latvia - Demographics of Latvia
Agriculture in Latvia: Agriculture in Latvia
Political parties in Latvia: Political parties in Latvia
October 2018 Latvian parliamentary election: 6 October 2018 Latvian parliamentary election
25 May 2019 European Parliament election in Latvia: 25 mai 2019 élections européennes en Lettonie
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Latvia: Latvian society - Demographics of Latvia - Human rights in Latvia
Districts of Latvia: Districts of Latvia
List of cities and towns in Latvia: Cities and towns in Latvia - Port cities in Latvia
Timeline of Riga since 12th century: Timeline of Riga since 12th century
18 November 1918 Riga becomes capital of independent Latvia: 18 November 1918 Riga becomes capital of independent Latvia
July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues: July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues
Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45: Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45
History of Liepaja: History of Liepaja
History of Liepaja during World War I 1914-1918: History of Liepaja during World War I 1914-1918
History of Liepaja during World War II 1939-1945: History of Liepaja during World War II 1939-1945
Economy of Liepaja: Economy of Liepaja
History of Jelgava: History of Jelgava
Since 1941/42 results and aftermath of Jelgava massacres as Jelgava itself was mostly destroyed in later fighting: Since 1941/42 results and aftermath of Jelgava massacres, as Jelgava itself was mostly destroyed in later fighting and liberation by the Soviet Army in World War II
Education in Latvia: Education in Latvia
Health in Latvia: Health in Latvia
Newspapers in Latvia: Newspapers in Latvia
Crime in Latvia: Crime in Latvia
Terrorist incidents in Latvia: Terrorist incidents in Latvia
1998 Riga bombing outside the 92-year old synagogue in Riga: 1998 Riga bombing outside the 92-year old synagogue in Riga
Man-made disasters in Latvia: Man-made disasters in Latvia
24 November 2013 over 700,000 euros donated to victims of the Riga supermarket tragedy: 24 November 2013: Over 700,000 euros donated to victims of the Riga supermarket tragedy and their families, reports LETA
Human trafficking in Latvia: Human trafficking in Latvia
Latvian courts and judges: Latvian judges
Law enforcement in Latvia: Law enforcement in Latvia
Foreign relations of Latvia: Foreign relations of Latvia
Treaties of Latvia: Treaties of Latvia
Latvia/Belarus relations: Latvia/Belarus relations
Latvia/Germany relations: Latvia/Germany relations
Baltic Germans: Baltic Germans
Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45: Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45
Latvia/Greece relations: Latvia/Greece relations
Latvia/Israel relations: Latvia/Israel relations
31 October 2012 Latvia calls for development of economic relations and support for Latvia's OECD membership: 31 October 2012: Latvia's FM Rinkevics calls for development of economic relations and support for Latvia's OECD membership
Latvia/Lithuania relations: Latvia/Lithuania relations
Latvia/Russia relations: Latvia/Russia relations - Russians in Latvia


Luxembourg - Geography of Luxembourg - History of Luxembourg - Demographics of Luxembourg
Road transport in Luxembourg: Road transport in Luxembourg
Financial companies in Luxembourg: Financial 'services' companies of Luxembourg
2016 'Panama Papers': 3 April 2016: Findings of a yearlong investigation by the ICIJ of the 'Panama Papers' (also concerning the British Virgin Islands and other offshore havens), a giant leak of offshore financial records, expose global array of crime, corruption, offshore holdings of politicians and public officials from around the world including Putin, Assad associates, the family of China’s Xi Jinping, the king of Saudi Arabia, Poroshenko, the familiy of Pakistan's Nawaz Sharif, people in more than 200 countries and territories (Jackie Chan, Lionel Messi etc.), people and companies blacklisted because of evidence that they’d been involved in wrongdoing and war crimes, such as doing business with Mexican drug lords, terrorist organizations like Hezbollah or rogue nations like North Korea and Iran, the support of Assad's barrel bombs, and involving major banks including British banks, German banks, banks of Luxembourg, Switzerland's UBS, Credit Suisse and HSBC Private Bank
Taxation in Luxembourg: Luxembourgish tax regime - Base Erosion and Profit Shifting - Luxembourg Leaks journalistic investigation conducted by the ICIJ, based on confidential information about tax rulings from 2002 to 2010 - 5 November 2014: Pepsi, IKEA, FedEx and 340 other international companies have secured secret deals from Luxembourg, allowing many of them to slash their global tax bills while maintaining little presence in the duchy, leaked documents reviewed by ICIJ journalists show - 9 December 2014: New leak reveals Luxembourg tax deals for Disney, Koch Brothers Empire, Microsoft etc. - 10 December 2014: Fresh allegations outlining the tactics Jean-Claude Juncker used when he was PM of Luxembourg to promote the country as the destination for multinational corporations - 1 January 2017: EU's Jean-Claude Juncker spent years in his previous role as Luxembourg’s prime minister secretly blocking EU efforts to tackle tax avoidance by multinational corporations, leaked documents reveal
Government of Luxembourg: Executive branch
October 2018 Luxembourg general election: 14 October 2018 Luxembourg general election
Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Luxembourg: Luxembourgian society - Human rights in Luxembourg
Cities in Luxembourg: Cities in Luxembourg
Luxembourg capital city, banking and administrative centre: Luxembourg city, the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the country's most populous commune. Standing at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxembourg, the city lies at the heart of Western Europe, situated 213 km by road from Brussels, 372 km from Paris, and 209 km from Cologne. The city contains Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed. As of 31 December 2021, Luxembourg City has a population of 128,514 inhabitants, which is more than three times the population of the country's second most populous commune Esch-sur-Alzette. The city's population consists of 160 nationalities. Foreigners represent 70% of the city's population, whilst Luxembourgers represent 30% of the population. The number of foreign-born residents in the city rises steadily each year. In 2022, Luxembourg was ranked as having the first-highest per capita GDP in the world at $137,950, with the city having developed into a banking and administrative centre. In the 2019 Mercer worldwide survey of 231 cities, Luxembourg was placed first for personal safety, while it was ranked 18th for quality of living.
Since 963 history and timeline of Luxembourg: Since 963 history and timeline of Luxembourg
20th century Luxembourg: 20th century Luxembourg, as in late July 1914 war and in early August 1914, during World War I German occupation of Luxembourg begins in German empire's and Central Powers WWI until autumn of 1918 after massive German spring offensive had been an unmitigated disaster, whereas the Allied counterattack, the Hundred Days Offensive, had driven the German Army back to its own borders. On 6 November the full withdrawal of German soldiers from Luxembourg was announced, and five days later Germany signed an armistice treaty, which brought an end to empire's brutal war after four years. One of the terms of the armistice involved the withdrawal of German soldiers from Luxembourg, along with the other occupied countries. - 1918–1919 Novemberrevolution und KPD-Gründung in Opposition zur Weltkriegsunterstützung der Ebert-SPD, 15. Januar 1919 Morde an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht, Niederlage der Novemberrevolution und folgender Aufstieg der neugegründeten NSDAP unter Hitler, die seit Januar 1933 als beherrschender Teil der Reichsregierung das Deutsche Reich in eine nie dagewesene verbrecherische Diktatur umwandelte
21st century Luxembourg: 21st century Luxembourg
Demographics of Luxembourg: - Demographics of Luxembourg
Education in Luxembourg: Education in Luxembourg
Health in Luxembourg: Health in Luxembourg
Media in Luxembourg: Media in Luxembourg
Corruption and white-collar crime in Luxembourg: Corruption in Luxembourg
Courts, criminal law and law enforcement in Luxembourg: Courts and Criminal Law in Luxembourg - Law enforcement in Luxembourg
Foreign relations of Luxembourg: Foreign relations of Luxembourg
Treaties of Luxembourg: Treaties of Luxembourg
Luxembourg/European Union relations: European Investment Bank
Luxembourg/UN relations: Luxembourg and the United Nations
Bilateral relations of Luxembourg: Bilateral relations of Luxembourg
Luxembourg/Belgium relations: Luxembourg/Belgium relations
Luxembourg/France relations: Luxembourg/France relations
Luxembourg/Hungary relations: Luxembourg/Hungary relations
Luxembourg/Portugal relations: Luxembourg/Portugal relations
Luxembourg/USA relations: Luxembourg/USA relations
Landforms of Luxembourg: Lists of landforms of Luxembourg
Mountain ranges of Luxembourg: Mountain ranges of Luxembourg
Water in Luxembourg: Water in Luxembourg
Natural disasters in Luxembourg: Natural disasters in Luxembourg
Weather events in Luxembourg:








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